Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Integrated Physiology > FINAL EXAM: Unit 2 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

afferent / sensory neurons

A

take into TO the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

efferent / motor neurons

A

take info FROM the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do Schwann cells do?

A

myelination of PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

myelination of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do satellite cells do?

A

protective layer around cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

form BBB, NT uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what opens mechanically-gated channels?

A

pressure, stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what opens chemically-gated channels?

A

ligand & receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what opens voltage-gated channels?

A

cell membrane potential (depo, hyper)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which type of potential, graded or action, is excitatory and inhibitory?

A

graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which type of potential, graded or action, contains only voltage-gated channels for K+ and Na+?

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens during the depolarization stage of an action potential?

A

Na+ entry
-IG open
-AG open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens during the repolarization stage of an action potential?

A

K+ exits
-IG close
-AG open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an absolute refractory period?

A

no stimulus can trigger AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a relative refractory period?

A

larger than normal stimulus can trigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does hyperkalemia impact action potentials?

A

RMP increases
-a smaller stimulus can trigger AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does hypokalemia impact action potentials?

A

RMP decreases
-need a larger stimulus to trigger AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what receptors does ACh use? whats the difference b/w them?

A

nicotinic: ionotropic (receptor/ion), Na+ entry, excitatory
muscarinic: metabotropic (GPCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what type of receptor do amines use?

A

NE, E, dopamine
-metabotropic (alpha, beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what type of receptor do amino acids use? describe the effects of each major type of AA

A

ionotropic
-glutamate: excitatory, Na+ entry
-GABA, glycine: inhibitory, Cl- entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of receptor do purines use?

A

adenosine, ATP, cAMP
-metabotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what type of receptor do gases use?

A

NO RECEPTOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of receptor do lipids use?

A

eicosanoids
-metabotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the pathway of exocytosis to release a NT?

A
  1. AP -> depolarization
  2. Ca2+ entry
  3. exocytosis of vesicle
  4. NT release
  5. goes to postsynaptic receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are three ways NT activity is terminated?
diffuse out of synapse inactivated by enzymes uptake by neighbor cells
26
what is an EPSP?
depolarization -open Na+ or Ca2+ channels -close K+ channels
27
what is an IPSP?
hyperpolarization -open K+ or Cl- channels
28
what is the difference b/w divergence and convergence?
divergence: axon synapses with multiple targets convergence: multiple axons synapse w/ one target
29
what is the difference b/w spatial and temporal summation?
spatial: several axons fire simultaneously temporal: one axon fires multiple times close together
30
what happens when there is postsynaptic inhibition?
summed potential is below threshold -> no AP
31
what happens when there is presynaptic inhibition?
decreased NT release -global: all of the branches -selective: only at one branch of the axon
32
what does long term potentiation do to synpases?
enhances synapse effect (speed, release)
33
what is the pathway of LTP for glutamate?
1. glutamate release 2. releases AMPA & NMDA 3. AMPA releases Na+ 4. depolarization of NMDA ejects the Mg+ ion to release Ca2+ 5. paracrine is released 6. increases glutamate release
34
what is long term depression?
changes receptor itself or the amount of receptors to decrease synapse effect
35
what is the difference b/w white and gray matter?
gray: unmyelinated white: myelinated
36
what are the four parts of the brainstem?
midbrain pons medulla oblongata reticular formation
37
what does the midbrain do?
pupil reflex, auditory & visual reflex
38
what does the pons do?
relay center b/w cerebellum & cerebrum, breathing
39
what does the medulla oblongata do?
spinal tracts, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomitting
40
what does the reticular formation do?
arousal, consciousness
41
what does the cerebellum do?
body coordination
42
what are the four parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland
43
what does the thalamus do?
relay center
44
what does the pineal gland do?
melatonin secretion
45
what does the hypothalamus do?
homeostasis, thirst, hunger
46
what does the pituitary gland do?
hormone secretion
47
what are the four lobes in the cerebrum? what does each of the do?
temporal: audio, smell frontal: motor, decisions, taste parietal: touch, homeostasis occipital: vision
48
what are the three parts of the cerebrum?
cerebral cortex basal ganglia limbic system
49
what does the cerebral cortex do?
senses, voluntary movement
50
what does the basal ganglia do?
inhibit skeletal muscle, DA secretion, gray matter
51
what does the limbic system do?
emotion, bx, memory, learning -amygdala, hippocampus
52
what is CN1?
olfactory -smell
53
what is CN2?
optic -vision
54
what is CN3?
oculomotor -pupil reflex -ciliary muscle
55
what CN4?
trochlear -down eye movement
56
what is CN5?
trigeminal -chewing
57
what is CN6?
abducens -outward eye movement
58
what is CN7?
facial -taste, face sensations
59
what is CN8?
vestibulochoclear -hearing, equilibrium
60
what is CN9?
glossopharyngeal -swallowing
61
what is CN10?
vagus -parasympathetic NS, GI tract
62
what is CN11?
spinal accessory -shoulders
63
what is CN12?
hypoglossal -tongue
64
what part of the brain controls sleep-awake cycles?
suprachiasmatic nucleus -> hypothalamus
65
what type of waves are there when you are awake, non-REM, REM?
awake & REM: alpha waves non-REM: delta waves
66
what is the difference b/w associative and non-associative learning?
associative: 2 stimuli associated together, Pavlovian non-associative: change bx after repeated exposure, habituation & sensitization
67
what is the difference b/w habituation & sensitization?
habituation: decreases response to annoying stimulus -repeating loud noise sensitization: increase response to bad stimulus -puking whiskey
68
what is the difference b/w short term, working, and long-term memory?
short: gone w/in a day working: used for decisions (crossing the street) long-term -reflexive/implicit: muscle memory -declarative/explicit: facts, figures
69
what is the pathway of language in the brain?
1. sensory info (vision, audio) 2. cerebral cortex (left side) 3. Wernicke's Area (understand info) 4. Broca's Area (integrate info) 5. motor output (frontal lobe)
70
what is the difference b/w the dorsal and ventral root in the spinal cord?
dorsal: afferent signals ventral: efferent signals
71
what types of senses do receptive fields activate?
somatic senses vision
72
how does sensitivity and convergence change with a larger receptive field?
less sensitive more convergence
73
what is 1-point discrimination?
overlapping fields -more convergence -perceived as a single point
74
what is 2-point discrimination?
small fields, less convergence -more points = more sensitive
75
what does modality refer to?
specific neurons activated
76
what does location refer to?
which receptive fields are activated
77
what does intensity refer to?
number of receptors activated -frequency of APs
78
what does duration refer to?
longer stimulus leads to longer APs
79
what is the difference b/w tonic and phasic receptors?
tonic: slow adapting, rapid fire -> maintain firing phasic: fast adapting, rapid fire -> stop firing if stim. is constant
80
what is the pathway for fine touch, proprioception, and vibration?
skin -> medulla -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex
81
what is the pathway for nociception, temp, and coarse touch?
skin -> cross over in SC -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex
82
what do free nerve endings respond to?
temp, pain
83
what do pacianian corpuscles respond to?
vibration (phasic)
84
what do meissner corpuscles respond to?
flutter (phasic)
85
what do ruffini corpuscles respond to?
stretch (tonic)
86
what do merkel receptors respond to?
texture, pressure (tonic)
87
what do nociceptors detect?
pain, itch
88
what are the two fibers in nociceptors? what type of pain do they correlate to?
A-delta: fast pain, local C: slow pain, diffuse
89
what is the nociceptor pathway?
1. protective spinal reflex -> withdrawal reflex 2. ascending pathway -> cerebral cortex -> feel pain 3. dorsal horn of spinal cord
90
what do chemoreceptors detect?
smell and taste
91
what is the smell pathway?
1. olfactory neuron binds to odor (1) 2. activate G(olf) -> GPCR 3. increase cAMP 4. depolarization 5. CN1 (2) 6. olfactory bulb 7. olfactory tract 8. olfactory cortex 9. cerebral cortex & limbic system
92
what are the five tastes and what do they respond to? what type are they?
sweet: glucose, sugar, TYPE 2 (meta) sour: H+, TYPE 3 (iono) salty: Na+ bitter: alkalines, TYPE 2 (meta) umami: glutamate, TYPE 2 (meta)
93
what is the gustation pathway?
1. taste binds TRC 2. GPCR 3. TYPE2: release ATP, TYPE3: release serotonin 4. CN7, 9, 10 (1) 5. medulla (2) 6. thalamus (3) 7. gustatory cortex
94
what is pitch?
frequency -low pitch: hair cells bend toward helicotrema, SLOW vibration -high pitch: hair cells bend toward oval window, FAST vibration
95
what is loudness?
amplitude -more hair cells activated = louder
96
what is the hearing pathway?
1. ear canal 2. tympanic MB 3. auditory ossicles 4. oval window 5. cochlea 6. perilymph (vestibular duct) 7. endolymph (cochlear duct) 8. basilar MB shifts (toward tallest = depo, toward shortest = hyper) 9. hair cells move in tectorial MB 10. NT release 11. CN8 12. medulla 13. midbrain 14. thalamus 15. auditory cortex
97
what happens when hair cells are bent toward the kinocilium?
depolarization -bent away = hyperpolarization
98
what is horizontal rotation? posterior? superior?
horizontal: spin posterior: side to side superior: forward & backward
99
what does the semicircular canals detect?
rotational movement
100
what does the otolith organ detect?
linear movement
101
what does the saccule detect? utricle?
saccule: vertical drop utricle: forward & backward acceleration
102
what is the equilibrium pathway?
1. head movement 2. endolymph movement 3. inertia (fluid moves opposite direction first) 4. cupula shifts 5. hair cells bend 6. depolarization 7. NT release 8. CN8 (1) 9. medulla (2) 10. reticular formation (3) 11. thalamus 12. motor cortex
103
what do circular muscles of the eye control?
pupil constriction -parasymp NS
104
what do radial muscles of the eye control?
pupil dilation -symp NS
105
what do cilliary muscles of the eye control?
lens accomodation -FLAT: suspensory lig. tight, cill. muscles relax -ROUND: suspensory lig. relax, cill. muscles tight
106
where are photoreceptors located at? what are the two types of photoreceptors?
in the retina -rods: low light, B&W -cones: high light, color
107
what is the process of a photoreceptor cell?
photoreceptor -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell
108
what type of light causes rhodopsin to be active and lead to a hyperpolarization with low glutamate release?
high light
109
what is the pathway of vision?
1. light 2. cornea 3. pupil 4. lens 5. macula (retina) 6. photoreceptor 7. CN2 (1) 8. optic chiasm (2) 9. thalamus 10. visual cortex

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions