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Integrated Physiology > FINAL EXAM: Unit 1 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is osmotic equilibrium?

A

fluid concentration equal in ICF & ECF

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2
Q

what is chemical disequilibrium?

A

ECF high in Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
ICF high in K+, anions

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3
Q

what is electrical disequilibrium?

A

ECF positively charged
ICF negatively charged

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4
Q

what is osmosis?

A

movement of water across a MB
-in response to a gradient

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5
Q

what is osmolarity?

A

number of particles per liter
-looking at combined total of NP & P

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6
Q

what is isosmotic?

A

same number of particles

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7
Q

what is hyperosmotic?

A

ECF is higher (outside)

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8
Q

what is hypoosmotic?

A

ICF is higher (cell)

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9
Q

what is tonicity?

A

comparing solution to cell volume
-look only at NP solutes!!

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10
Q

what is hypotonic?

A

cell swells, gains H2O
-ICF high

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11
Q

what is hypertonic?

A

cell shrinks, loses H2O
-ECF high

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12
Q

what is isotonic?

A

no gain or loss of H2O

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13
Q

what are penetrating solutes?

A

UREA
-freely diffuse across MB
-no water movement

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14
Q

what are nonpenetrating solute?

A

NaCl, GLUCOSE
-trapped by the MB
-needs water to move it

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15
Q

when ICF NP is bigger than ECF NP, water moves ____

A

water move INTO cell
-direction goes towards the higher amount

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16
Q

what is a conductor?

A

ions move freely through
-water

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17
Q

what is an insulator?

A

ion movement stopped
-phospholipid bilayer

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18
Q

how does the Na+/K+ pump impact RMP?

A

3 Na+ OUT, 2 K+ IN
-makes ECF more positive, ICF more negative

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19
Q

how does the K+ leak channel impact RMP?

A

K+ OUT (tonic control)
-makes ECF more positive, ICF more negative

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20
Q

how do anions impact RMP?

A

makes ICF more negative

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21
Q

what does depolarization do to RMP?

A

makes ICF more positive
-opening Na+ channels, removing K+ leak channels

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22
Q

what does hyperpolarization do to RMP?

A

makes ICF more negative
-opening Cl- or K+ channels

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23
Q

what does repolarization do to RMP?

A

returns RMP back to ~70mV

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24
Q

what type of cell secretes insulin? what is the process of it?

A

beta cells when glucose is HIGH
-ATP -> close K+ channels -> open Ca2+ channels
-exocytosis (release) of insulin

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25
what is the mOsm of the ICF?
always 300mOsm NP!!!
26
osmolarity ____ predict tonicity
does not predict
27
is the cell more permeable to K+ or Na+?
K+
28
what is the generic response to a stimulus?
stimulus -> sensor -> input -> int. center -> output -> target
29
what is homeostasis?
range -when disrupted it compensates for change
30
what is negative feedback?
response opposes / decreases initial stimulus -brings toward homeostasis
31
what is positive feedback?
response enhances / increases initial stimulus -brings away from homeostasis
32
what is feedforward control?
starts response prior to stimulus (smell, sight)
33
what is circadian rhythm?
repeatable & predictable day & night cycles (temp)
34
what is acclimatization?
adapting to the environments (altitude)
35
what are three types of local communication?
gap junctions contact-dependent signal paracrine & autocrine
36
how do gap junctions work?
direct connection through cytoplasm -connexion proteins close & open junction
37
how do contact-dependent signals work?
ligand & receptor
38
how do paracrines & autocrines work?
paracrine: release from cell autocrine: release from itself
39
what are two ways of long-distance communication?
endocrine glands neurons
40
how do endocrine glands work for communication?
secrete hormones into the blood
41
how do neurons work for communication?
secrete neurocrines -NT, neuromodulator, neurohormone
42
what is the generic signal pathway?
1. signal molecule, 1st messenger (ligand, extracellular signal) 2. recep. protein, transducer (receptor, converts extra to intra) 3. intracell signal molecule, 2nd messenger (activates pathway) 4. target proteins (modifies, phosphorylation) 5. response
43
describe lipophilic / hydrophobic signal molecules
lipid loving, water fearing -diffuses easily into cell -binds intracellular receptor -alters gene expression -SLOW
44
describe lipophobic / hydrophilic signal molecules
lipid fearing, water loving -binds receptor on surface of cell -RAPID
45
what are the four types of signal pathways?
receptor / ion channels GPCR receptor enzymes integrin receptor
46
how does the receptor / ion channel work?
ligand binds receptor -opens/closes ion channel -depolarization or hyperpolarization -RAPID -EX: muscle contraction
47
how does the cAMP pathway work? (GPCR)
1. ligand binds GPCR 2. G-protein activates 3. adenyly cyclase activates 4. increases cAMP 5. activates protein kinase A 6. phosphorylation cascade
48
how does the phospholipase C pathway work? (GPCR)
1. ligand binds GPCR 2. activates PLC 3. activates DAG & IP3 4. DAG activates protein kinase C 5. IP3 releases Ca2+ stores
49
how does the receptor enzyme work?
two parts -receptor region (extracellular -enzymatic region (intracelluar)
50
how does the tyrosine kinase pathway work? (receptor enzyme)
1. ligand binds extracellular region 2. activates intracellular region 3. activates tyrosine kinase 4. phosphorylation cascade
51
how does the integrin receptor work?
-receptor spreads across entire MB -connects to cytoskeleton through an anchor protein -extracellular matrix interacts with intracellular components -antibodies, clotting factors
52
how does nitric oxide (NO) modify signal pathways?
smooth muscle relaxation -vasodilation -neuromodulator -LOCAL, SHORT ACTING
53
how does carbon monoxide (CO) modify signal pathways?
vasodilation
54
how does hydrogen sulfide (H2S) modify signal pathways?
vasodilator
55
how do eicasanoids modify signal pathways?
lipid soluble
56
how are eicasanoids synthesized?
PLA2 -> arachidonic acid -> leukotrines & prostanoids
57
what are the effects of leukotrines & prostanoids?
leukotrines: asthma, allergy prostanoids: inflammation, pain, NSAIDs inhibit them
58
what is an agonist?
bind same receptor, mimic same response -creates competition
59
what is an antagonist?
bind receptor, blocks activity of ligand
60
what does down-regulation do?
decreases number of receptors, decreases response
61
what does desensitization do?
chemically modify receptor -decreases response QUICKER
62
what does up-regulation do?
increase number of receptors, increases response
63
what are three ways to terminate a signal?
enzyme destroys ligand neighbor cells uptake signal down-regulation
64
what is the difference between central and peripheral receptors?
central: brain, special senses peripheral: everything else
65
what is the difference between simple and complex reflex pathways?
simple: 1 integrating center, FAST complex: multiple integrating centers, SLOW
66
what is are differences b/w neural and endocrine reflex pathways?
neural: specific, electrical & chemical, FAST, short duration, increase frequency (identical in strength) endocrine: nonspecific, chemical, SLOW, long duration, increase amount, endocrine cell is the [sensor, input, integration center]
67
what are afferent neurons in a reflex pathway?
send signal to integrating centers
68
what are efferent neurons in a reflex pathway?
send signal to targets
69
describe the neural reflex pathway?
receptor afferent neuron NS efferent neuron muscle, gland, fat contraction, secretion, metabolism
70
describe the neuroendocrine reflex?
receptor afferent neuron NS efferent neuron blood enzymatic rxns, transport, cell proteins
71
describe the endocrine reflex?
itself ------ endocrine system hormone blood enzymatic rxns, transport, cell proteins
72
what are pheromones?
secreted into external environment
73
what are cytokines?
made on demand, not stored
74
what is a candidate hormone?
appears to look / act like a hormone but isn't
75
describe peptide hormone synthesis
preprohormone -> prohormone (R. ER) -> secretory vesicle
76
describe transport of peptide hormones (solubility, receptor)
lipophobic / hydrophilic -no transport protein -surface receptors -FAST
77
describe synthesis of steroid hormones
cholesterol -> secreted on demand -> simple diffusion -SMOOTH ER
78
describe transport of steroid hormones (solubility, receptor)
lipophilic / hydrophobic -transport protein -intracellular receptors -SLOW
79
what are the two types of amine hormones?
catecholamines (NE, E, dopamine, melatonin) thyroid hormone
80
describe the synthesis of catecholamines
tyrosine -> secretory vesicle
81
describe transport of catecholamines hormones (solubility, receptor)
lipophobic / hydrophilic -no transport protein -surface receptor -FAST
82
describe synthesis of thyroid hormone
tyrosine + iodine -> stored in colloid
83
describe transport of thyroid hormones (solubility, receptor)
lipophilic / hydrophobic -transport protein -intracellular signal -SLOW
84
what is a synergistic hormone interaction?
effect of hormones is greater than the sum
85
what is a permissiveness hormone interaction?
hormone isn't active until the other hormone is present
86
what is a antagonistic hormone interaction?
hormone effects oppose eachother
87
what are trophic hormones? name the 5 major ones from the anterior pituitary
controls secretion of other hormones -GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
88
what is the portal system in the brain?
hypothalamus & anterior pituitary
89
what is a long-loop feedback pathway?
terminal hormones inhibits hypothalamus & anterior pituitary
90
what is a short-loop feedback pathway?
anterior pituitary inhibits hypothalamus
91
what is the thyroid hormone feedback pathway? (check image in notes for full info)
TRH -> TSH -> T3 & T4 (thyroid gland)
92
what is the cortisol feedback pathway? (check image in notes for full info)
CRH -> ACTH -> cortisol (adrenal cortex)
93
what is the growth hormone pathway? (check image in notes for full info)
GHRH & GHIH/somatostatin -> GH -> IGFs (liver, other)
94
pineal gland hormones, targets, and effects
[melatonin] -> brain -> circadian rhythm
95
hypothalamus hormones, targets, and effects
[DA, TRH, GHIH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH] -> ant. pit. -> alter channels
96
posterior pituitary hormones, targets, and effects
[oxytocin, vasopressin/ADH] -> breasts, kidney -> milk ejection, water reabsorption
97
anterior pituitary hormones, targets, and effects
[prolactin] -> breast -> milk production [GH] -> liver -> growth [ACTH] -> adrenal cortex -> cortisol release [TSH] -> thyroid gland -> TH release [FSH, LH] -> gonads -> egg/sperm release
98
thyroid gland hormones, targets, and effects
[T3, T4, calcitonin] -> bone, many -> Ca2+ levels, metabolism
99
parathyroid hormone hormones, targets, and effects
[PTH] -> bone, kidney -> plasma Ca2+
100
pancreas hormones, targets, and effects
[insulin, glucagon, somatostatin] -> many -> metabolism of glucose
101
adrenal cortex hormones, targets, and effects
[aldosterone, cortisol, androgens] -> kidney, many -> Na+/K+ balance, stress, sex
102
testes hormones, targets, and effects
[androgens, inhibin] -> many, anterior pit -> sperm production, inhibit FSH
103
ovaries hormones, targets, and effects
[estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin] -> many, ant. pit., uterus -> egg production, inhibit FSH, relax muscles
104
what is the difference between hypersecretion and hyposecretion?
hyper: too much hormone hypo: not enough hormone
105
what is primary endocrine pathology?
last gland is defective -HYPO: high TRH & TSH, low T3 & T4 -HYPER: low TSH & TSH, high T3 & T4.
106
what is secondary endocrine pathology?
second gland is defective -HYPO: high TRH, low TSH, T3 & T4 -HYPER: low TRH, high TSH, T3 & T4
107
what is tertiary endocrine pathology?
first gland is defective (rare) -all hormones either high or low

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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