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Integrated Physiology > FINAL EXAM: Unit 4 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the pathway of blood in the heart (start at right atrium)

A
  1. right atrium (low O2)
  2. tricuspid valve
  3. right ventricle
  4. pulmonary semilunar valve
  5. pulmonary trunk
  6. pulmonary arteries (low O2)
  7. lungs
  8. pulmonary veins (high O2)
  9. left atrium
  10. bicuspid valve
  11. left ventricle
  12. aortic valve
  13. aorta (high O2)
  14. systemic tissues
  15. inferior & superior vena cave (low O2)
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2
Q

what two factors lead to flow?

A

pressure (+)
resistance (-)

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3
Q

what three factors lead to resistance?

A

length (+)
viscosity (+)
radius (-)

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4
Q

what two factors lead to velocity?

A

flow rate (+)
area (-)

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5
Q

what two factors lead to MAP (mean arterial pressure)?

A

CO (+)
resistance (+)

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6
Q

what two factors lead to cardiac output?

A

HR (+)
stroke volume (+)

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7
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction

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8
Q

what happens to SV when force of contraction increases?

A

SV increases

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9
Q

what does phospholambin do to SV?

A

increases SV
-positive ionotropic agent (increases force of contraction)

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10
Q

what is the equation for SV?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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11
Q

what three factors lead to EDV / venous return?

A

skeletal pump (+)
respiratory pump (+)
sympathetic NS - alpha (+)

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12
Q

what is the equation for ejection fraction?

A

EF = SV / EDV * 100

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13
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS do to HR?

A

decreases HR
-ACh (musc -> hyper)

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14
Q

what does the sympathetic NS do to HR?

A

increases HR
-NE (beta1 -> depo)

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15
Q

what is preload and afterload?

A

preload: stretch heart must overcome to fill with flood
afterload: force needed to push blood to the arteries

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16
Q

what happens to force when you increase sarcomere length?

A

increases force

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17
Q

what happens during the depolarization phase in a cardiac contractile cell AP?

A

Na+ entry

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18
Q

what happens during the peak of the cardiac contractile cell AP?

A

K+ exits
Ca2+ entry

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19
Q

what happens during the repolarization phase of cardiac contractile cell AP?

A

Ca2+ channels close
K+ exits

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20
Q

what happens during the depolarization phase in a cardiac autorhythmic cell AP?

A

I(f) channels open
Na+ entry
Ca2+ entry

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21
Q

what happens during the repolarization phase in a cardiac autorhythmic cell AP?

A

K+ exits

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22
Q

what is the electrical conduction pathway in the heart

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. AV bundle (AV delay)
  4. bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibers (bottom to top)
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23
Q

what is happening during the P wave in an ECG?

A

atrial depolarization
SA node fires

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24
Q

what is happening during the QRS wave in an ECG?

A

ventricle depolarization

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25
what is happening during the T wave in an ECG?
ventricle repolarization
26
what is happening during the PR segment? ST segment?
PR: atria contract, AV delay ST: ventricle contract
27
what are the five phases in the cardiac cycle?
1. active filling 2. isovolumic ventricle contraction 3. ventricular ejection 4. isovolumic ventricle relaxation 5. passive filling
28
what is happening during active filling? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)
atria contract ventricle relax AV open SL closed ventricle volume increases pressure same *EDV MEASUREMENT*
29
what is happening during isovolumic ventricle contraction? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)
atria relax ventricle contract AV & SL closed (lub) volume same pressure increases
30
what is happening during ventricle ejection? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)
atria relax ventricle contract AV close SL open volume decreases pressure decreases
31
what is happening during isovolumic ventricle relaxation? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)
atria & ventricle relax AV & SL closed (dub) volume same pressure decreases
32
what is happening during passive filling? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)
atria & ventricle relax AV open SL closed volume increases pressure same
33
what is an artery?
all types -thickest -blood AWAY from heart -pressure reservior
34
what is an arteriole?
endothelium & smooth muscle -main site of regulation -contain a precapillary sphincter
35
what is a capillary?
endothelium -leaky (pericytes increase leakiness) -smallest -> lowest velocity
36
what is a venule?
endothelium & fibrous tissue
37
what is a vein?
all types -valves for 1-way flow -majority -low pressure -blood TO the heart -volume reservoir
38
what is blood pressure?
the strength of blood moving through vessels 120/80 (systolic/diastolic)
39
what is the equation for pulse pressure?
systole - diastole
40
what happens to BP when MAP increases?
BP increases
41
what is the equation for MAP?
diastole + 1/3 (pulse pressure)
42
what happens to BP when blood volume increases?
BP increases
43
how do you fix a high BP?
vasodilation to decrease MAP
44
what are vasoconstrictors for BP?
NE (alpha) vasopressin/ADH angiotension 2 *leads to a decrease in BP*
45
what are vasodilators for BP?
E (beta2) NO low O2 = high CO2 histamine natriuretic peptides (ANP) *leads to an increase in BP*
46
what is the difference b/w active and reactive hyperemia?
active: increase flow due to increased metabolism reactive: increase flow due to occulsion
47
what is the pathway for the baroreceptor reflex? (low BP)
1. low BP 2. decrease firing rate of baroreceptor 3. sensory neurons 4. CVCC in medulla oblongata 5. increase symp (alpha) activity, decrease parasym activity 6. constriction 7. increase BP
48
what is the difference between continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries?
continuous: majority, only pass solutes & gases & glucose fenestrated: can pass more fluid sinusoid: can pass proteins and cells
49
what is the difference b/w diffusion and transcytosis?
diffusion: small solutes move w/ conc. gradient transcytosis: large solutes move by vesicular transport
50
what two forces make up bulk flow? describe them
hydrostatic pressure: pressure on walls, FILTRATION, push fluids out of blood, high on arterial end, (+) colloid osmotic pressure: plasma proteins, ABSORPTION, keep fluids in blood, high on venous end, constant # (-)
51
what is edema? how does the lymphatic system impact edema?
swelling, net filtration -lymph system returns fluid that is lost at capillaries
52
describe the role of the plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin)
albumins: majority, lead to colloid osmotic pressure globulins: antibodies, protein carries, clotting factors fibrinogen: fibrin threads, clot formation transferrin: transports iron
53
what is anemia?
decreased O2 carrying capacity -fewer RBCs
54
what leads to hematopoiesis of white blood cells?
interleukins & colony-stimulating factors
55
describe the role of the white blood cell types (lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)
lymphocyte: T & B cells, immune response monocyte: turn into macrophages, phagocytic neutrophil: majority, mobile, first to arrive at site basophil: histamine granules, allergy response eosinophil: parasitic infections, allergy response
56
what are the precursors for RBCs?
erthyroblast: nucleus reticulocyte: no nucleus
57
what is hemoglobin?
carries O2 -4 peptide chains (alpha, beta) -contains heme group (iron)
58
describe the hemotopoiesis of RBCs (erthropoietin)
1. low O2 2. EPO release by kidney 3. goes to bone marrow 4. increases RBC production 5. increases hemoglobin 6. increases O2
59
what is the precursor for platelets?
megakaryocytes -NO NUCLEUS
60
what is the process of hemostasis?
1. vasoconstriction 2. platelet plug 3. coagulation
61
what is the platelet plug pathway?
1. exposed collagen 2. activates platelets 3. release factors that have positive feedback on the pathway
62
what are the functions of the factors released in the platelet plug pathway? (platelet activating factor, van willibrand factor, thromboxane A2)
platelet activating factor: activate platelets van willibrand factor: adhere platelets thromboxane A2: activate platelets
63
what two things stop the platelet plug pathway?
stop adherence -prostacylin, NO
64
describe the coagulation cascade
1. INTRINSIC: exposed collagen -> factor 12 2. EXTRINSIC: damage -> factor 3 -> factor 7 3. factor 10 4. prothrombin -> thrombin 5. fibrinogen -> fibrin 6. factor 13
65
what is fibrinolysis?
removal of the clot -plasminogen -> plasmin (TPA)
66
what is thrombopoietin?
hematopoiesis of platelets -in the liver
67
what is the process of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell?
uncommitted cell -> progenitor cell
68
what is the difference b/w red and yellow marrow?
red: hematopoiesis, red color from hemoglobin yellow: no hematopoiesis, high fat levels

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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