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Physiology 2232 > Exam 2: Objectives 30-33 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Objectives 30-33 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

what is another name for extrapyramidal systems?

A

brainstem pathways

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2
Q

striation appears due to numerous ____________ arranged in a __________

A

thick and thin filaments; myofibril

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3
Q

what is the net gain in ATP for aerobic respiration?

A

36 ATP

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4
Q

which kinds of muscle are striated?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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5
Q

in anaerobic glycolysis, where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the sarcoplasm

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6
Q

what splits ATP into ADP and Pi, allowing the head to bind to actin where the muscle is stimulated?

A

myosin head

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7
Q

plasma membrane covering each muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

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8
Q

cause of muscle fatigue: due to decreased release of _______ from _________ causing decreased levels in the sarcoplasm

A

Ca++; SR

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9
Q

where do thick filaments connect? what connects them?

A

z lines; titin

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10
Q

which type of skeletal muscle fiber responds the most to training?

A

fast oxidative glycolytic

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11
Q

what is another name for the pyramidal system?

A

corticospinal system

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12
Q

assesses sensory input from vestibular and proprioceptive sensory information

A

romberg test

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13
Q

what is the most immediate way a muscle fiber can attain ATP?

A

creatine phosphate

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14
Q

tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma that can conduct action potentials

A

transverse tubules

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15
Q

what are possible energy sources for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

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16
Q

type of recruitment: high number of motor units

A

jerky contraction

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17
Q

which kind of muscle is responsible for vasodilation and constriction?

A

smooth muscle

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18
Q

type of skeletal muscle fiber: uses aerobic respiration

A

slow oxidative

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19
Q

which pathway to ATP can only use glucose as an energy source?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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20
Q

what part of the brain helps initiate, terminate, and control movements, regulate muscle tone, behavior?

A

basal ganglia

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21
Q

type of recruitment: small number of motor units

A

smooth contraction

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22
Q

what are 5 causes of muscle fatigue?

A
  1. lower levels of Ca++ 2. depletion of nutrients (ex: O2, CP) 3. too much lactic acid 4. cross bridge inhibition 5. failure to reach AP
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23
Q

which system of motor control involves upper motor neurons?

A

pyramidal system

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24
Q

arrangement of myofibrils within a muscle cell which is the *functional unit of contraction*

A

sarcomere

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25
slow, writhing movements
athetosis
26
what are thin filaments composed of?
actin
27
incoordination, wobbling gait \*cerebellar deficits\*
ataxia
28
which protein physically blocks cross bridges, thereby regulating contractions?
tropomyosin
29
where do thin filaments connect terminally?
z lines
30
sequential muscle contraction stimulations (and resulting stronger contraction)
wave summation
31
contains many mitochondria that mass produce ATP
sarcoplasm
32
which system of motor control has an indirect pathway: begins in brainstem, controls proximal musculature, lower motor neurons
extrapyramidal system
33
when a muscle contracts, what shortens?
sarcomeres
34
what is released after the power stroke?
ADP, actin
35
what kind of receptor is found in the motor end plate?
nicotinic
36
when a person exercises, oxygen is withdrawn from reserves in ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
hemoglobin and myoglobin
37
where does Ca+ attach after it has been released following an action potential?
to troponin
38
which kind of muscle has intercalated discs?
cardiac muscle
39
which system of motor control has a direct pathway: nerve fibers run from motor cortex to the spinal cord?
pyramidal system
40
where is glucose stored for glycolysis?
blood and within muscle fiber
41
what do intercalated discs allow?
for the muscle to be autorhythmic
42
what produces the power stroke that pulls the thin filament toward the center?
release of Pi cocks the myosin head
43
which ion is released when muscle cells are stimulated by an action potential?
Ca+
44
sudden, irregular, jerky movements without purpose
chorea
45
what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?
Ca+ ions and myoglobin (oxygen)
46
how does the creatine phosphate reaction provide ATP for the muscle fiber?
phosphate group is moved from CP to ADP
47
part of a striation: found in the center of each A band; helps hold down thick filaments \*middle of a sarcomere\*
M line
48
which type of myofilament has the proteins tropomyosin and troponin?
thin filaments
49
type of skeletal muscle fiber: uses both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, many mitochondria, resistant to fatigue
fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG/IIA)
50
part of a striation: the center of the A band with no thin filament overlap
H zone
51
a motor neuron plus the muscle fibers it innervates
motor unit
52
what are the byproducts of anaerobic glycolysis?
pyruvic acid and lactic acid
53
part of a striation: contains all of the thick filament and some thin filament overlap
A band
54
which kind of muscle is the only type that can contract without a motor neuron?
cardiac muscle
55
upper or lower motor neuron lesion: stiff, exaggerated reflexes, loss of inhibition?
upper
56
what part of the brain coordinates sensory inputs from muscles, joints, eyes, ears?
cerebellum
57
how does the cell return to rest after a contraction?
ATP required to pump Ca+ back into SR
58
where do cross bridges form?
between myosin and actin
59
where are most neuromuscular junctions located?
near the middle of the muscle fiber
60
what are the 2 binding sites on myosin?
actin and ATP binding sites
61
cylindrical structures that extend the entire length of the muscle fiber
myofibrils
62
what are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?
slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic
63
what are the 3 ways a muscle fiber can form ATP for contractions?
creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration
64
type of skeletal muscle fiber: few mitochondria, mainly anaerobic respiration, fatigue quickly, rapid and powerful
fast glycolytic
65
about 90 stimulations per second resulting in a sustained contraction
fused tetanus
66
what is the primary role of the pyramidal system?
voluntary motor movements: fine, isolated
67
during a muscle contraction, which type of band shortens and which does not?
I bands shorten; A bands do not
68
which pathway to ATP happens after creatine phosphate?
anaerobic glycolysis
69
upper or lower motor neuron lesion: soft, absence of reflexes
lower
70
what is a muscle twitch?
a single action potential
71
what are thick filaments composed of?
myosin
72
what part of the brain maintains movements initiated by the primary motor cortex?
cerebellum
73
what is the effect of Ca+ binding to troponin after an AP?
it moves tropomyosin: myosin can access actin to form cross bridges: muscle contraction is possible
74
what does the action potential provide for the muscle cell?
increased Ca+ in the sarcoplasm
75
period between excitation and development of force in a skeletal muscle that includes the time needed for the AP to travel down the sarcolemma, T tubules, to release Ca+ from SR, move tropomyosin, and cycle the cross bridges
latent period
76
which protein prevents myosin from binding at rest?
tropomyosin
77
these are symptoms of lesions where? resting tremor, chorea, athetosis
basal ganglia
78
part of a striation: found in the center of each I band \*end of a sarcomere\*
Z line
79
where is the premotor cortex located?
frontal lobe
80
what is the net gain in ATP of anaerobic glycolysis?
2 ATP
81
which part of the brain initiates movement?
primary motor cortex
82
formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
gluconeogenesis
83
Order these steps to stimulating a muscle fiber: a. end plate potentials are produced (EPSPs) b. Ach is released from the motor neuron c. voltage-gated Ca+ channels open and cause Ca+ channels in SR to open d. Ach binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on motor end plate of skeletal muscle e. calcium is released and can bind to troponin f. APs are generated along sarcolemma and travel down T tubules
b, d, a, f, c, e
84
where is the primary motor cortex located?
precentral sulcus
85
primary role of which system of motor control: posture, upright movement, balance, walking \*involuntary movements\*
extrapyramidal system
86
part of a striation: contains only thin filaments
I band
87
processing and storage center for a muscle cell
sarcoplasmic reticulum
88
what is the formula for aerobic respiration?
glucose + O2 \> CO2 + H20 + ATP
89
where does aerobic respiration take place?
mitochondria
90
protein that anchors thick filaments to z lines and allows elastic recoil
titin
91
multiple stimulations to muscle resulting in increasing but wavering contractions
unfused tetanus
92
what determines the force produced by a single muscle fiber?
frequency and the # contracting in unison
93
these are symptoms of lesions where? ataxia, intention tremor
cerebellum
94
type of skeletal muscle fiber: small diameter, contains most myoglobin, many mitochondria, resistant to fatigue, found in postural muscles
slow oxidative (SO/IA)

Physiology 2232 (17 decks)

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