Objectives 12-15

Question 1

true or false? each neurotransmitter can bind to several receptors?

Answer 1

true

Question 2

this type of pharmaceutical does what the neurotransmitter does: it works with it

Answer 2

agonist

Question 3

this type of pharmaceutical blocks the neurotransmitter from acting: the effect is the opposite of what the neurotransmitter does

Answer 3

antagonist

Question 4

what are the two ways a neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 4

degradation and reuptake

Question 5

what does acetylcholine effect?

Answer 5

PNS effectors, skeletal muscle, CNS

Question 6

how is acetylcholine removed from the synapse?

Answer 6

the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

Question 7

what kind of receptors does acetylcholine act at?

Answer 7

2 different cholinergic receptors

Question 8

what are the 2 different cholinergic receptors that acetylcholine acts at?

Answer 8

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 9

where are nicotinic receptors found?

Answer 9

neuromuscular junction; some parts of CNS

Question 10

what do nicotinic receptors cause, when activated?

Answer 10

skeletal muscle contraction

Question 11

where are muscarinic receptors found?

Answer 11

on parasympathetic target organs

Question 12

what do muscarinic receptors cause, when activated?

Answer 12

lower heart rate and lower BP, constricted pupils, digestion

Question 13

which neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer’s? in what level?

Answer 13

lower levels of acetylcholine

Question 14

where do epinephrine and norepinephrine have an effect?

Answer 14

sympathetic nervous system

Question 15

how are epinephrine and norepinephrine removed from the synapse?

Answer 15

reuptake and enzyme MAO (monoamine oxidase)

Question 16

what are the receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 16

a and b adrenergic receptors

Question 17

what do alpha adrenergic receptors do?

Answer 17

vasoconstriction, increase blood pressure, pupil dilation

Question 18

what do beta adrenergic receptors do?

Answer 18

increase heart rate, open airways

Question 19

how is serotonin removed from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 19

reuptake

Question 20

this neurotransmitter is excitatory to muscles, regulates food intake, reproductive activity, and plays a role in mood and anxiety

Answer 20

serotonin

Question 21

how do MAOI drugs work?

Answer 21

inhibit MAO, increasing epinephrine and norepinephrine in the synapse

Question 22

this neurotransmitter is involved in mood, GI, motor control, behavior, emotional reward

Answer 22

dopamine

Question 23

this disease is associated with low levels of dopamine

Answer 23

Parkinson’s

Question 24

this disease is associated with high levels of dopamine

Answer 24

Schizophrenia

Question 25

which neurotransmitters are excitatory?

Answer 25

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Glutamate, Substance P

Question 26

which neurotransmitters are inhibitory?

Answer 26

GABA, Glycine, Endorphins, Serotonin

Question 27

which neurotransmitters are either excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 27

Acetylcholine and Dopamine

Question 28

what is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Answer 28

glutamate

Question 29

this excitatory neurotransmitter is found throughout the brain and is involved in memory and learning -SENSES-

Answer 29

glutamate

Question 30

what are the receptors for glutamate?

Answer 30

NMDA

Question 31

which neurotransmitters inhibit pain perception?

Answer 31

endorphins and enkephalins

Question 32

what is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Answer 32

GABA

Question 33

this neurotransmitter inhibits muscles and is involved in motor control

Answer 33

GABA

Question 34

a decrease in GABA is associated with what disease?

Answer 34

Huntington's

Question 35

what stimulates muscarinic ACh receptors?

Answer 35

muscarine (from poisonous mushrooms)

Question 36

what happens when ACh fails to release?

Answer 36

skeletal muscles won't contract

Question 37

how is cocaine associated with dopamine?

Answer 37

it blocks the reuptake of dopamine

Question 38

this is a neuropeptide that relays pain sensations to the CNS

Answer 38

substance P

Question 39

xanax and valium increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

Answer 39

GABA

Question 40

which neurotransmitter is often released with GABA and regulates skeletal muscle movement?

Answer 40

glycine

Question 41

________ synapses occur in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, between some neurons of the brain, and between glial cells

Answer 41

electrical

Question 42

with electrical synapses, how are cells joined?

Answer 42

with gap junctions

Question 43

what channels open when the action potential reaches the end of the axon?

Answer 43

voltage gated Ca+ channels

Question 44

when the AP reaches the axon terminal and Ca+ channels open, what enters and what exits the end bulb?

Answer 44

Ca+ enters and neurotransmitter exits by exocytosis

Question 45

in an action potential, what is the ligand?

Answer 45

the neurotransmitter

Question 46

how does summation of graded potentials work?

Answer 46

if additional stimuli occur before the graded potential has died, they can add to the depolarization from the first stimuli

Question 47

which channels open to depolarize the cell? is this an EPSP or IPSP?

Answer 47

Na+ or Ca+ channels to get to an EPSP

Question 48

which channels open to hyperpolarize the cell? is this an EPSP or IPSP?

Answer 48

K+ or Cl- channels to get an IPSP

Question 49

on which segment of the neuron can a graded potential be found?

Answer 49

dendrites and cell body

Question 50

on which segment of the neuron can an action potential be found?

Answer 50

axon

Question 51

what kind of channels are involved in a graded potential?

Answer 51

chemically gated

Question 52

what kind of channels are involved in action potential?

Answer 52

voltage gated

Question 53

how does an antagonist block a neurotransmitter from working?

Answer 53

it blocks the receptor site