Exam 3: Objectives 59-69

Question 1

where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 1

type I alveolar cells

Question 2

higher pressure outside the lungs and lower pressure inside the lungs

Answer 2

inhalation

Question 3

expiration difficult; elastic recoil decreases and lungs become floppy; emphysema

Answer 3

increased compliance

Question 4

what is the equation for total lung capacity?

Answer 4

IRV + ERV + TV + RV

Question 5

in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases

Answer 5

dalton’s law

Question 6

what makes carbon monoxide deadly?

Answer 6

it binds to the same site on hemoglobin as O2

Question 7

what is the average resting tidal volume?

Answer 7

500 mL

Question 8

amount (in addition to tidal volume) inspired forcefully

Answer 8

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 9

why are the lungs compliant?

Answer 9

lung tissue and thoracic cage are elastic; surface tension of alveoli

Question 10

this structure influences and modifies the activity of the medullary centers; smooths out inspiration and expiration transitions

Answer 10

pons

Question 11

layer of pleura attached to the lungs

Answer 11

visceral pleura

Question 12

pressure of the air outside of the body: 760 mmHg

Answer 12

atmospheric pressure

Question 13

lower pressure outside the lungs and higher pressure inside the lungs

Answer 13

exhalation

Question 14

amount left in lungs between breaths

Answer 14

residual volume

Question 15

where is the rate/rhythm control center of the CNS?

Answer 15

medulla oblongata

Question 16

when holding breath, if CO2 levels get high enough, medullary control centers will take over forcing inhalation

Answer 16

cortical control reflex

Question 17

stiffness of lungs; decrease in size of rib cage; inspiration difficult

Answer 17

decreased compliance

Question 18

what is the formula for a bicarbonate ion?

Answer 18

HCO3-

Question 19

which muscles are involved in breathing at rest?

Answer 19

external intercostals, diaphragm

Question 20

which additional muscles are added for forced exhalation?

Answer 20

internal intercostals, abdominals

Question 21

when oxyhemoglobin drops off O2 in the tissues

Answer 21

oxygen unloading

Question 22

where are peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 22

carotid and aortic bodies

Question 23

gas exchange between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

Answer 23

internal respiration

Question 24

layer of pleura attached to the thoracic cavity and diaphragm

Answer 24

parietal pleura

Question 25

pressure in the intrapleural space (between visceral and parietal pleura)

Answer 25

intrapleural pressure

Question 26

which respiratory chemoreceptors have greater influence over respiratory rate?

Answer 26

central chemoreceptors

Question 27

amount (in addition to tidal volume) exhaled forcefully

Answer 27

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 28

guards against overinflation of lung which might damage tissues; stretch receptors in tissues trigger forced exhale

Answer 28

Herring Breuer inflation reflex

Question 29

what is the formula for CO2 transport with bicarbonate ions?

Answer 29

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Question 30

volume of one resting breath

Answer 30

resting tidal volume

Question 31

gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

Answer 31

external respiration

Question 32

pressure of the air inside the lungs or alveoli

Answer 32

intrapulmonic pressure

Question 33

inherent ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow simultaneously

Answer 33

ventilation-perfusion coupling

Question 34

how do oxygen and CO2 move during external respiration?

Answer 34

O2: out of alveoli into pulmonary capillaries CO2: out of pulmonary capillaries into alveoli

Question 35

how does acidity affect oxygen unloading?

Answer 35

low pH increases it

Question 36

exchange of bicarbonate ion out of and Cl- into RBCs

Answer 36

chloride shift

Question 37

the hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature

Answer 37

partial pressure

Question 38

how does temperature affect oxygen unloading?

Answer 38

high temperature increases it

Question 39

as volume increases, pressure decreases

Answer 39

Boyle's law

Question 40

what are the 2 zones of the respiratory system?

Answer 40

conduction and respiratory zones

Question 41

what is the equation for vital capacity?

Answer 41

IRV + ERV + TV

Question 42

what is needed to form carbonic acid from CO2 and H20?

Answer 42

carbonic anhydrase

Question 43

which respiratory chemoreceptors respond to changes in brain extracellular fluid: H+, PCO2?

Answer 43

central chemoreceptors

Question 44

when hemoglobin binds to O2 in the lungs

Answer 44

oxygen loading

Question 45

how to O2 and CO2 move during internal respiration?

Answer 45

O2: out of systemic capillaries into tissues CO2: into systemic capillaries from tissues

Question 46

where are central chemoreceptors?

Answer 46

medulla oblongata

Question 47

which cells produce surfactant?

Answer 47

type II alveolar cells

Question 48

which respiratory chemoreceptors respond to changes in the blood: H+, PCO2, PO2?

Answer 48

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 49

what are the 3 ways CO2 is transported?

Answer 49

dissolved in the plasma OR bound to amino acids OR bicarbonate ions

Question 50

what are the 2 ways O2 is transported?

Answer 50

bound to hemoglobin OR dissolved in the plasma