Exam 4: Digestion

Question 1

which nerve controls swallowing?

Answer 1

CN IX glossopharyngeal

Question 2

by what vessel are monosaccharides carried to the liver?

Answer 2

hepatic portal vein

Question 3

where is the control center for the swallowing reflex?

Answer 3

medulla oblongata

Question 4

fats are not absorbed directly into the blood–they go through which system first?

Answer 4

lymphatic system

Question 5

which organ absorbs a lot of water?

Answer 5

large intestine

Question 6

protein digestion begins with ________ in the ________

Answer 6

pepsin; stomach

Question 7

when do we start calling bolus “chyme?”

Answer 7

when it enters the stomach

Question 8

type of lipoprotein: deliver lipids to adipose tissue for storage

Answer 8

very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

Question 9

what does bile do to stomach acid?

Answer 9

neutralizes it

Question 10

where are amino acids mainly absorbed?

Answer 10

duodenum and jejunum

Question 11

phase of gastric regulation: increased volume in stomach further increases acid secretion, continuing to stimulate gastrin and histamine; vagus nerve stimulated to further gastric secretion

Answer 11

gastric phase

Question 12

type of lipoprotein: transport cholesterol/lipids to peripheral tissues (ex: artery walls)

Answer 12

low density lipoproteins (LDLs)

Question 13

which layer of the GI tract is covered in villi and microvilli?

Answer 13

mucosa

Question 14

what 2 hormones regulate pancreatic juice?

Answer 14

secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 15

what stimulates the release of Gastrin?

Answer 15

parasympathetic neurons

Question 16

what stimulates the release of gastric juices?

Answer 16

gastrin

Question 17

what do lipids pick up that allows them to bind to receptors on the capillary endothelium within muscles and adipose tissue?

Answer 17

apolipoprotein

Question 18

where are there no enzymes but a lot of bacteria?

Answer 18

large intestine

Question 19

when micelles break down into fatty acid and glycerol, what are they packaged into?

Answer 19

chylomicrons

Question 20

what kind of innervation supplies the salivary reflex?

Answer 20

parasympathetic

Question 21

what is required to convert pepsinogen into pepsin?

Answer 21

HCl

Question 22

phase of gastric regulation: stimuli from beginning of small intestine influence acid secretion in stomach; hormones inhibit gastric secretions

Answer 22

intestinal phase

Question 23

what enzyme produced in the pancreas aids in carbohydrate digestion?

Answer 23

pancreatic amylase?

Question 24

which enzymes of the intestinal cells break down carbohydrates?

Answer 24

lactase, sucrase, maltase

Question 25

which cells of the gastric glands release gastric lipase, intrinsic factor, and hydrochloric acid?

Answer 25

parietal cells

Question 26

what stimulates increased production of bile?

Answer 26

arrival of food in the duodenum

Question 27

what is another name for swallowing?

Answer 27

deglutition

Question 28

which organ is responsible for the complete digestion of carbs, proteins, and fats, and for the absorption of nutrients

Answer 28

small intestine

Question 29

this substance released by the gastric glands kills microbes in food and converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Answer 29

hydrochloric acid

Question 30

fat digestion begins in the _________ with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

small intestine; pancreatic lipase

Question 31

what is also known as the "brain of the gut?"

Answer 31

enteric nervous system

Question 32

hormone produced by adipose tissue; when levels increase, appetite is suppressed

Answer 32

leptin

Question 33

after absorption, monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells by ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ into the blood capillaries

Answer 33

facilitated diffusion

Question 34

in higher levels, what does insulin do to appetite?

Answer 34

suppresses it

Question 35

which substances produced by the pancreas aid in protein digestion?

Answer 35

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

Question 36

where does the lymphatic system drop chylomicrons into the bloodstream?

Answer 36

at the thoracic duct

Question 37

what are the 3 stages of swallowing reflex?

Answer 37

voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

Question 38

what stimulates parasympathetic neurons to release Gastrin?

Answer 38

sense of food

Question 39

type of lipoprotein: returns excess cholesterol to the liver; takes it away from artery walls

Answer 39

high density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Question 40

digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

Answer 40

salivary amylase

Question 41

chemical digestion of chyme in the small intestine is dependent on which accessory digestive organs?

Answer 41

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 42

which enzyme of the intestinal cells breaks down fats?

Answer 42

intestinal lipase

Question 43

amino acids: enter epithelial cells of small intestine via ___________ (co transport with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)

Answer 43

active transport; sodium

Question 44

what do bile salts do?

Answer 44

emulsify fats

Question 45

large spherical particles (lipid) coated with proteins

Answer 45

chylomicrons

Question 46

which enzyme of the intestinal cells breaks down proteins?

Answer 46

enterokinase

Question 47

at what point do the accessory digestive organs deliver secretions to the duodenum?

Answer 47

sphincter of Oddi

Question 48

what is the product of mastication

Answer 48

bolus

Question 49

monosaccharides: absorbed via _________ into small intestine epithelium (cotransport with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)

Answer 49

active transport; sodium

Question 50

passage of small food molecules through the cells lining the stomach and intestines into the blood and lymph

Answer 50

absorption

Question 51

pancreatic juice contains what buffer that collects acid from chyme?

Answer 51

potassium bicarbonate

Question 52

what is the mixing and holding chamber for food?

Answer 52

stomach

Question 53

what do micelles break down into?

Answer 53

fatty acid and glycerol

Question 54

what are the 4 layers of the GI tract, from innermost to outermost?

Answer 54

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Question 55

what is the product when bile salts emulsify larger lipids?

Answer 55

micelles

Question 56

by what lymphatic vessel do chylomicrons enter?

Answer 56

lacteal

Question 57

phase of gastric regulation: increased parasympathetic activity to ENS to release gastrin and histamine (stimulating acid secretion); occurs when you see, smell, taste, or chew food

Answer 57

cephalic phase

Question 58

where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

Answer 58

the oral cavity

Question 59

what are the 3 phases of gastric regulation?

Answer 59

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

Question 60

feature of the small intestine that increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients

Answer 60

villi

Question 61

what is the main purpose of digestion?

Answer 61

absorption

Question 62

which cells of the gastric glands release inactive gastric enzyme, pepsinogen, and lipase?

Answer 62

chief cells