Exam 4: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
The cardiovascular system includes the
A
Heart and blood vessels
2
Q
The cardiovascular system is a
A
Closed circular system for blood
3
Q
Order of cardiovascular system
A
Blood is pumped from heart, then arteries, then capillaries, then veins, and heart
4
Q
Embryonic development of the heart begins as a
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Tube, with a receiving and delivery end
5
Q
The receiving end of the tube is known as the _ and the delivery end is known as the
A
Venous end and arterial end
6
Q
The embryonic development of the heart, by the 5th week becomes
A
S shaped
7
Q
By the 7th week of The embryonic development of the heart,
A
It has four chambers, two atria and two ventricles
8
Q
The atria are separated by the
A
interatrial septum
9
Q
The ventricles are separated by the
A
Inter-ventricular septum
10
Q
In the flow of the blood through the heart, the right atrium receives blood from the
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Superior and inferior vena cava, which receive deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body
11
Q
Blood from the right atrium moves into the
A
Right ventricle
12
Q
The right ventricle pumps the _blood….
A
Deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and then to the pulmonary arteries to pick up oxygen
13
Q
The freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs is returned to the
A
Heart by the pulmonary veins
14
Q
The freshly oxygenated blood is emptied into the
A
Left atrium
15
Q
The oxygenated blood from the _ moves into the _
A
Left atrium, left ventricle
16
Q
The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood to the _ through the _
A
Upper snd lower body, not lungs, through the aorta
17
Q
The pulmonary circuit includes the parts of the heart and blood vessels that delivers blood to….
A
The lungs and then returns it to the heart
18
Q
The systemic circuit includes the parts of the heart and blood vessels that delivers blood to….
A
The body, not lungs, and returns it to the heart
19
Q
Order in the systemic circuit
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left ventricle, aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and right atrium
20
Q
Order of the pulmonary circuit
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right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and left atrium.
21
Q
Ventricles relax
A
Diastole
22
Q
Ventricles contract
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Systole
23
Q
The cone shaped heart is about the size of your
A
Fist
24
Q
The heart is located behind the
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Sternum with apex pointing to the left at the 5th intercostal space
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The part of the heart that rests on the diaphragm is the
Diaphragmatic surface
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The anterior surface of the heart is the
Sternocostal surface
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Most of the large vessels of the heart…
Enter and leave at the base
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The heart is rotated somewhat
Counterclockwise
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More of the right atrium and ventricle are visible from an
Anterior view
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More of the left atrium and ventricle are visible from a
Posterior view
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The heart is enclosed by a membranous sac called the
Pericardium
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The outer layer of the pericardium is
Fibrous connective tissue and attached around the base of the great vessels
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The inner layer of the sac is lined with a
Serious membrane called parietal pericardium
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The pericardium reflects onto the surface of the heart as the
Visceral pericardium or epicardium
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The space between the visceral and parietal pericardium is called the
Pericardial space
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The pericardial space contains a
Small amount of serous fluid for lubrication
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What makes up the pericardial sac
Fibrous and parietal pericardium
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Excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial space and can restrict filling of the chambers and ejection of blood from the heart
Cardiac tamponade
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What is the muscle of the heart
Myocardium
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The myocardium is thicker in the
Ventricles than in the atria
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The rough appearance of myocardium in ventricles is called
Trabeculae carneae
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The striated bands of myocardium in atria is called
Pectinate muscle
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The pulmonary trunk delivers blood from the
Right ventricle to the lungs
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The what carries blood from the left ventricle to all the tissues in the body except for the lungs
Aorta
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What contracts at the same, moving blood into the ventricles
Atria
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After the ventricles with blood they….
Contract together to pump blood out of the heart through their respective vessels
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While the ventricles contract, the atria
Relax re-fill
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While the ventricles relax, the atria
Contract
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The heart valves keep blood moving
In one direction
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What are the heart valves
Two artioventricular values and two semilunar valves
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The cusps of the valves are comprised of
Reflections of endocardium
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Atrioventricular valves are located between the
Atria and their respective ventricles
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What is the right atrioventricular characteristics
Three cusps, tricuspid valve
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The left atrioventricular valve characteristics
Has two cusps, called the bicuspid/mitral valve
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As the ventricles contract, the increased pressure causes the…
Flaps of the valves to approximate one another to close
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The cusps of the atrioventricular valves have
Chordae tendinae attached to papillary muscles
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How to prevent the valves from prolapsing into the atrium …
The papillary muscles contract with the ventricular wall, pulling chordae tendinae
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During contraction of ventricles, blood is pumped…
Pumped into pulmonary trunk and aorta
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During relaxation the ventricles blood is….
Prevented from returning to them by the semi lunar valves
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The pulmonary semi lunar valve is located between the
Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
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The aortic semi lunar valve is located between the
left ventricle and aorta
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Each semilunar valve has how many cusps
3
63
Form a seal when blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk moves toward the ventricles
Semilunar valve
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“Lub” sound is from the
AV valves closing
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“Dub” sound is caused by the
Semilunar valves closing
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AV valves closing, semilunar valves open
Ventricular systole
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AV valves open, semilunar valves close
Ventricular diastole
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The right and left coronary arteries arise from the
Base of the aorta
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Supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium
Coronary arteries
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Gives off the marginal artery and then travels to the back of the heart to descend into the posterior inter ventricular artery
Right coronary artery
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Course to the ? A short distance before dividing into the anterior inter-ventricular artery and circumflex artery
Left coronary artery
72
Descends to the front of the heart, between the ventricles
Anterior inter ventricular artery
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Courses around to the back of the heart, atrioventricular sulcus, providing branches to the left ventricle along the way
Circumflex artery
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Cardiac veins carry..
Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium
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What runs along with each of the main branches of the coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
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The great cardiac vein runs with the
Anterior inter ventricular artery
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The middle cardiac vein runs with the
Posterior inter ventricular artery
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The small cardiac vein runs with the
Marginal artery
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The veins all empty into the
coronary sinus
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The coronary sinus opens into the
Right atrium
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When coronary arteries become blocked with plaque, they cannot deliver blood to the
Myocardium
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When a bypass is required, donor blood vessels are
Sewn to the aorta
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The heart contracts approximately
72 beats per minute
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The heart exhibits
Autorrhythmicity
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Specialized cardiac muscle cells called conducting system spread…
Impulses through the myocardium
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The heartbeat is initiated by the
SA node near superior vena cava
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The SA node is referred to as the
Pacemaker of the heart
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From the SA node, the impulses spread thru the walls of the
Atria, then collect at AV node in floor of the right atrium.
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Impulses from the AV node flow through the…
Atrioventricular bundle
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The atrioventricular bundle enters the…
Interventricular septum and divides into the right and left bundle branches
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The bundle branches conduct impulses to fibers called
Purkinje fibers
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A fibrous skeleton (CT) around the heart valves prevents…
The spread of conduction directly from the atrial walls to the ventricular walls
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Heart rate is influence by
ANS
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Cardiac control centers are in the
Medulla
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Vagus nerve …
Decreases heart rate
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Cardiac muscle tissue is
Striated and contracts by sliding fragments
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Cardiac muscle cells are
Short and branched
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Adjacent cardiac muscle cells are joined at the ends by
Intercalated discs
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At junctions in cardiac muscle, the _ of cells interlock through finger like projections
Sarcolemma
100
Two regions of intercalated discs
Fascia adherens and gap junctions
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Helps bind adjacent cells together and help transmit the contractile force to adjacent cells
Fascia adherens
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Allow ions to pass between cells, allowing transmission of impulse to spread through cardiac muscle
Gap junctions
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Steps in the cardiac cycle…
1. Atrial systole
2. Early ventricular systole
3. Late ventricular systole
4. Early ventricular diastole
5. Late ventricular diastole
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Contraction of the atria initiated by SA node causing ventricles to fill
Atrial systole
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Atria relax and ventricles begin contracting, causing the AV valves to close (lub)
Early ventricular systole
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Continued contraction of the ventricles cause the semilunar valves to open and blood is ejected into arterial trunks
Late ventricular systole
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The ventricles begin to relax and the semilunar valves close to prevent blood from back flowing into ventricles (dub)
Early ventricular diastole
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Continued relaxation of ventricles causes atrioventricular valves to open and atrial contractions fill ventricles
Late ventricular Diastole
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Fatty deposits in arteries
Atherosclerosis
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Chest pain
Angina pectoris
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Heart attack due to blockage in coronary artery leading to cardiac muscle death
Myocardial infarction
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Abnormal heart sound by faulty valve
Heart murmur
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Abnormal heart rhythm
Arrythmia
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Pumping efficiently of heart declines and heart enlarges
Congestive heart failure
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Rapid, random electrical firing in the ventricles often leading cardiac arrest
Ventricular fibrillation 
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Random burst of electrical activity in the atria, resulting in poorly coordinated contractions. Can lead to blood clots and stroke
Atrial fibrillation
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Enlarged heart
Cardiomegaly
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The developing fetus gets it oxygen from the 
placenta
119
In a fetus what carries oxygenated blood to the right atrium
Umbilical cord
120
A fetus has how many modifications that allow oxygenated blood in the right atrium to reach aorta 
2
121
First modification in fetus: allows blood to move from the right atrium directly into the left atrium
Foreman Ovale 
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Second modification in fetus:  allows blood to pass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
Ductus arteriosus
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One common congenital abnormalities of the heart is when the foreman ovale fails to close at the time of birth
Patent foramen ovale
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One of the first signs of high blood pressure is
Thickening of the myocardium
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Abnormal, focal dilation of a blood vessel. If the blood vessel ruptures it can be life-threatening
Aneurysm
126
When the peripheral resistance in the arteries increases to the point at which there was blood left in the ventricles following systole, The heart dilates and the myocardium becomes thinner
Dilated cardiomyopathy
127
Common symptoms of patent foramen ovale
Heart murmur, shortness of breath, fatigue, cyanosis, and stroke
128
The patent foramen ovale is an
Opening between left and right atria
129
Atherosclerosis also known as
Hypertrophic cardium, myocardium thickens
