Exam 5: Endocrine System Flashcards by Mia Sassano

synthesize substances that are released into ducts connecting to another structure

exocrine glands

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synthesizes and releases hormones into the bloodstream

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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acts on the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

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What hormone is released when cold or stressed

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

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acts on all body tissues (especially bones and muscles) to stimulate growth and size of the body.

Growth Hormone

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act on the gonads (testes and

ovaries) to stimulate the development of gametes (sperm cells and oocytes).

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

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acts on the mammary glands of the breast to stimulate growth and milk production (not ejection).

Prolactin

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acts on the adrenal cortex to cause the release of

corticosteroids

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

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acts on the malanocytes in the skin to produce melanin.

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

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the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland by…

releasing its regulating

hormones into the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System.

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is a capillary plexus surrounding the anterior pituitary gland.

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

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venous blood carrying regulating hormones from the hypothalamus to the plexus are
called

hypophyseal portal veins.

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the regulating hormones leave the…

capillary plexus to have an effect on the anterior pituitary

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the anterior pituitary releases its hormones into the __ and carried __

capillary plexus, away by. hypophyseal vein

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hypophysis

Pituitary gland

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Pituitary gland is suspended from the

hypothalamus by a stalk or infundibulum.

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Pituitary gland is divided

structurally and functionally, into anterior and posterior parts

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Synthesize substances that are released into ducts connecting to another structure

Exocrine glands

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Synthesize substances that are released into the bloodstream to effect target tissue

Endocrine gland

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Single gland or be scattered through tissues

Endocrine

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What works together to keep body in homeostasis

Endocrine and nervous system

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Substances released into the bloodstream to have an effect on target structures

Hormones

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Endocrine cells produce

Hormones

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Hormone levels in blood are regulated by

Self adjusting mechanisms or feedback loops

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React to hormone only if they have the receptor for it

Target cells

Most of endocrine levels in blood are regulated by

Negative feedback loop

A negative feedback loop..l

reduces own hormone production

Example of negative feedback loop

Eat, Blood glucose increases, insulin released, body tissue takes up glucose, blood glucose decreases

Positive feedback loop…

Hormone continued to be produced

Example of positive feedback loop

Baby breastfeeds, stimulus to hypothalamus, pituitary gland signaled to produce oxytocin, oxytocin stimulates milk ejection, baby continues to suck

Oxytocin function

Stimulates milk ejection

Master controller of endocrine system

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus controls the

Endocrine functions

Ways hypothalamus controls endocrine functions of the body….

1. Produces regulatory hormones that effect anterior pituitary gland (stimulate or inhibit release) 2. Produce hormones that are transported and stored in posterior pituitary gland until needed. 3. Stimulates sympathetics to medulla to release adrenaline

Produces own hormones

Anterior pituitary gland

Overseer of ANS

Hypothalamus

The stalk of the pituitary gland is made up of

Nerve axons running from hypothalamus into posterior part

There are ___ in hypothalamus whose axons make up the __

Two nuclei, stalk

Carry hormones to posterior pituitary gland for storage

Two nuclei in hypothalamus

Neurons In paraventricular nucleus…

Synthesize and transport oxytocin to posterior pituitary gland

Transport oxytocin

Paraventricular nucleus

Neurons in supraoptic nucleus…

Produce and transport anti-diuretic hormone to posterior pituitary gland

Anti diuretic hormone associated with

Supraoptic neurons

The posterior pituitary does not

Produce its own hormone just stores oxytocin and antidirectic

Posterior pituitary gland release the hormones into its own

Capillary plexus

Stimulates ejection of milk, not production, during breastfeeding

Oxytocin

Causes contraction of smooth muscle of uterus during birth

Oxytocin

In males, oxytocin causes the…

Contraction of the prostate gland to release its products

Released when blood volume is low

Anti diuretic hormone

Causes water to be retained by kidneys to help increase blood volume

Anti diuretic hormone

Causes vasoconstriction

Anti diuretic hormone

Helps increase BP

Vasoconstriction

Largest endocrine gland in body

Thyroid gland

Thyroid gland is located in

Lower neck, near trachea

The thyroid has right and left lobes connected by

Isthmus

Thyroid gland Gets blood supply through

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Regulates metabolic activity of cells in body

Thyroid hormone

Follicles are

Follicular cells surrounding a cavity with colloid

Contains precursors of thyroid hormone

Colloid

Produces thyroid hormone

Follicular cells

Essential nutrient for thyroid hormone production

Iodine

Example of negative feedback with thyroid

Low body temperature cause hypothalamus to secrete TRH, release TSH, TSH stimulates follicular cells to produce TH, TH targets cells increase metabolic activities, body temp increases and hormones inhibited

If TSH is high, than the thyroid is

Not working well, from anterior pituitary gland

Enlargement of thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in diet

Goiter

An immune disorder that results in hyperthyroidism

Graves’ disease

Bulging of eyes seen with Graves’ disease

Exophthalmos

Other signs of Graves’ disease

Anxiety, weight loss, irregular heartbeat

Typically 4 embedded in posterior thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Cells in the parathyroid gland produce

PTH

Parathyroid hormone function

Regulates blood calcium levels

You need blood calcium for

Muscular and nervous system

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released into bloodstream in response to

Low blood calcium levels

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the bloodstream causes

1. osteoclasts to release calcium from bone 2. kidneys to reabsorb calcium from tubular fluid 3. small intestine to absorb calcium

Not under the control or hypothalamus

Parathyroid glands

Chromaffin cells release epinephrine and norepinephrine into bloodstream,

Medulla

Release epinephrine and norepinephrine into bloodstream

Chromaffin cells

Cortex has three layers or zones known as…

Zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Outermost later of cortex

Zona glomerulosa

Secretes mineralocorticoids to regulate composition of electrolytes in the body

Zona glomerulosa

Adolsterone is a

Mineralcorticoid

Secretes glucocorticoids which stimulate metabolism of lipids and proteins to regulate blood glucose levels

Zona fasciculata

Cortisol is a

Glucocorticoid

Secretes gonadocorticoids

Zona reticularis

Androgens are

Gonadocorticoids

Sugar in bloodstream

Glucocorticoid

Excessive glucocorticoid such as when taking corticosteroids as therapy for rheumatoid arthritis

Cushing syndrome

Symptoms of Cushing syndrome

Decrease bone mass, muscle weakness, redistribution of body fat, swelling

To little glucocorticoid, not enough blood sugar

Addison disease

Adrenal insufficiency

Addison’s disease

Signs of Addison disease

Weight loss, general fatigue and weakness, hypotension

Acinar cells are…

Exocrine part of pancreas

Produce digestive enzymes that enter duodenum through pancreatic duct

Acinar cells

Pancreatic islets include

Alpha and beta cells

Alpha cells secrete __ and beta cells secrete __

Glucagon, insulin

Cause cells in liver to break down glycogen into glucose

Glucagon

Facilitate movement of glucose from blood to tissues of body

Beta cells

Insulin also promotes

Glycogen synthesis in liver

Stimulated by high levels of nutrients in bloodstream

Delta cells

Delta cells synthesize

Somatostatin

Slows the release of insulin and activity in digestive organs

Somatostatin

Slows rate of nutrients entering bloodstream

Somatostatin

Metabolic condition marked by inadequate uptake of glucose from blood

Diabetes mellitus

Glucose in urine

Glycosuria

Chronically elevated blood glucose damages…

Smaller arteriole, kidney failure, retinal blindness, and amputation

Insulin dependent diabetes (can’t produce own insulin)

Type 1

Characterized by diminished production of insulin by islet cells

Type 1

Tends to occur in children

Type 1

Patients have a genetic predisposition

Type 1

What cells are mainly affected in type 1 diabetes

Beta cells

Treatment of Type 1 diabetes

Daily insulin injections

Blood glucose can’t be delivered to tissues of body

Type 1

Insulin independent diabetes

Type 2

Results from either decreases insulin release by beta cells or decreases insulin effectiveness at peripheral tissues

Type 2

Occurs in adults and obesity plays a role

Type 2

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

Dietary changes, exercise

Exam 5: Endocrine System Flashcards

(115 cards)