Exam 5: Female Reproductive Exam Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Main reproductive structures in female
A
Uterus and ovaries
2
Q
What produces the female gametes
A
Ovaries
3
Q
Once the oocytes are expelled from the surface of an ovary, they are swept up by
A
A uterine tube and sent to uterus
4
Q
Inferior part of uterus
A
Cervix
5
Q
Links to the vagina
A
Cervix
6
Q
Uterus sits on the
A
Floor of the pelvis
7
Q
The uterus sits between the
A
Urinary bladder and rectum
8
Q
Dome like top of the uterus is called the
A
Fundus
9
Q
Inferiorly the uterus tapers into the
A
Cervix
10
Q
Cervix appearance
A
Doughnut like
11
Q
Cuff around the cervix where vagina connects
A
Fornix
12
Q
Wall of uterus has
A
Smooth muscle that contracts with menstruation and birth
13
Q
The inner lining of uterus
A
Endometrium
14
Q
Highly vascular and glandular tissue
A
Endometrium
15
Q
Three pairs of structures attached to the superior-lateral aspect of the uterus
collectively called
A
Adnexa
16
Q
Adnexa consists of the
A
Round ligaments, ovarian ligaments, and uterine tubes
17
Q
What travels through the inguinal canal
A
Round ligaments
18
Q
The round ligaments exit the __ and attach to the __
A
Canal, skin
19
Q
Provides positional support to uterus
A
Round ligaments
20
Q
The ovaries are attached to the uterus through
A
Ovarian ligaments
21
Q
Transport oocytes from ovaries to the uterine cavity
A
Uterine tubes
22
Q
Feature of uterine tubes
A
Have finger projections called fimbriae
23
Q
Undulate and create currents to draw the oocytes into the tube at ovulation
A
Fimbriae
24
Q
What moves the oocytes toward uterine cavity
A
Muscular contractions and ciliated columnar epithelia
25
From what view can you not see the round ligaments
Posterior
26
Ovarian ligament is covered by
Tunica albuginea
27
The board ligament is formed by the
Peritoneum that drapes over uterus and adnexa
28
Broad ligament is composed of two layers of peritoneum and divided into three parts:
Mesometrium, mesovarium, mesosalpinx
29
Part of broad ligament attached to sides of uterus
Mesometrium
30
Attached to ovary and ovarian ligament
Mesovarium
31
Attaches to the uterine tube
Mesosalpinx
32
The broad ligament provides some support to the
Uterus and Adnexa
33
the ovaries get their blood supply from the
ovarian arteries
34
Ovarian arteries branch from the
abdominal aorta inferior to the renal arteries
35
What travels with the arteries
Ovarian vein
36
Right ovarian vein drains into the
IVC
37
Left ovarian vein empties into the
Left renal vein
38
the uterus gets its blood supply from the
uterine arteries
39
Branches of the internal iliac artery
Uterine arteries
40
the ovarian artery and vein are covered by
peritoneum
41
The ovarian artery and vein form a
Suspensory ligament
42
Gonadal vessels from abdomen to ovary
Suspensory ligaments
43
The round ligament has cords of
CT
44
Peritoneum forms
pouches between organs
45
How many oocytes are developed when beginning puberty
1
46
Puberty ages
14 females
| 16 males
47
What is not present during oogenesis
Mitosis
48
Formation and development of the oocytes
Oogenesis
49
When a female reaches puberty, what releases GnRH
Hypothalamus
50
GnRH stimulates the
Anterior pituitary gland
51
During puberty, the pituitary gland releases
FSH and LH
52
During puberty, LSH and LH initiate the
Changes in the ovaries during oogenesis
53
What produces oocytes found in ovaries before birth
Oogonia
54
What occurs before birth in oogenesis
Replication of 46 chromatids to 92 and part way through meiosis 1
55
What oocyte travels part way through meiosis 1
Primary
56
Primary oocyte forms
23 chromosomes with 46 chromatids and 1st polar body
57
What are polar bodies
Non viable material, degenerates
58
A secondary oocyte completes
Meiosis 1 and starts meiosis 2 and stops
59
In oogenesis Meiosis 2 only finishes if
Fertilization occurs
60
Secondary oocyte forms
2nd polar body and 23 chromosomes/chromatids
61
Maturation of cells in the ovary occurs in the
Cortex
62
Blood vessels enter the ovary through the
Medulla
63
Primary oocytes replicate their DNA and begun meiosis 1
Before birth
64
At the time of birth the ovaries contain
Primordial follicles
65
Primary oocytes surrounded by flat follicle cells
Primordial follicles
66
The flat follicle cells in primordial follicles act as
Support cells
67
How many primordial follicles are there at the time of birth
1.5 million
68
Many of the primordial follicles __ during childhood
Degenerate
69
Primordial follicles appear during
Fetal development
70
A primary oocyte is arrested during
Meiosis 1
71
What follicles appear at puberty
Primary follicles
72
During puberty, The follicle cells around the primary oocyte become more
Cuboidal
73
The follicle cells in a primary follicle secrete
Estrogen which changes uterine lining
74
About __ primordial follicles mature into primary follicles every month. __ primary follicles mature into secondary
20, a few
75
Contains a primary oocyte surrounded with many layers of follicle cells
Secondary follicle
76
The secondary follicle, a fluid filled space develops called the
Antrum
77
Clear glycoprotein membrane around oocyte in a secondary follicle
Zona pellucida
78
Sperm cells penetrate what
Zona pellucida
79
__ of the secondary follicles studs into tertiary follicles
1 or 2
80
One of the secondary follicles continues to develop into a
Mature/ graafian follicle
81
In the mature follicle, the oocyte completes
meiosis 1 and begins meiosis 2, making it a secondary oocyte
82
Under the influence of the luteinizing hormone in the Graafian follicle the….
volume of fluid increases in antrum and pressure builds
83
The secondary oocyte is
Haploid
84
What day of the ovarian cycle does the mature follicle rupture
14
85
Mature follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte and some surrounding follicle cells
Ovulation
86
Following ovulation, the follicle cells remaining in the ovary form a mass called
Corpus luteum
87
The cells of the corpus luteum…
Secrete sex hormones that stimulate the build up of the endometrium in pregnancy
88
When corpus luteum stops producing sex hormones, it
Degenerates and forms a CT structure called corpus albicans
89
Doesn’t contain oocyte
Corpus luteum
90
What still secretes progesterone and estrogen to continue the built up of endometrium in pregnancy
Corpus luteum
91
Prepare for possible implantation of fertilized ovum
Corpus luteum
92
When a corpus luteum stops producing sex hormones, it
degenerates and forms a connective tissue structure called corpus albicans.
93
once released from the ovary, the secondary oocyte is
swept up by a uterine (fallopian) tube
94
Where does fertilization occur
Uterine tube (distal)
95
Sperm cells are deposited at the
Cervix
96
Sperm cells make their way into the ____ to meet the oocyte
Uterus and uterine tube
97
process whereby the sperm cell fuses with the oocyte to form a new cell containing genetic information from both parents
Fertilization
98
The joining of the 2 cells in fertilization, restores the
Diploid number (46 chromosomes)
99
following ovulation, the oocyte remains viable in the female reproductive tract for
No more than 24 hours
100
sperm cells can remain viable in the female reproductive tract for
Up to 4 days
101
the first sperm cell to arrive at the location of the oocyte works its way through the
surrounding cells to reach the
zona pellucida
102
__ releases enzymes to break down the zona pellucida
Acrosome of the sperm cell
103
When the zona pellucida is broken down it triggers…
Expansion from surface of the oocyte, preventing fertilization from sperm cells
104
When the sperm cell enters the oocyte it…
Releases DNA and oocyte completes meiosis 2 and a second polar body
105
the nuclear material of the sperm and oocyte unit and homologous chromosomes…
Pair to form diploid number of chromosomes (46)
106
the fertilized ovum (zygote) is moved by the
uterine tube to the uterine cavity
107
the zygote enters the uterine cavity about
6 days after fertilization
108
What results in pregnancy
implantation of the zygote in the wall of the uterus
109
if implantation does not occur…
There’s no pregnancy and menstruation occurs
110
Shedding of endometrium when
Implantation doesn’t occur
111
If the secondary oocyte is fertilized and if it successfully implants, the….
pre-embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
112
Function of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
signals the corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone
113
will build and stabilize the uterine lining
progesterone
114
After how long, the placenta of the developing fetus starts producing its own
progesterone and estrogen.
3 months
115
if implantation does not occur, the corpus luteum…
regresses and the reduction of
| progesterone and estrogen cause the uterine ling to be shed
116
At puberty, the hypothalamus releases…
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
117
gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the
Pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
118
FSH and LH vary in a cyclic pattern to produce a monthly sequence of events called the
Ovarian cycle (28 days)
119
Phases of the ovarian cycle
1. Follicular phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal phase
120
How long is the follicular phase
Days 1-13
121
In the follicular phase, FSH and LH stimulate
20 primordial follicles into primary into secondary into vestibular (Graafian) follicles
122
What day does ovulation happen
14
123
What days are the luteal phase
Day 15-28
124
During ovulation…
Secondary oocyte released from ovary
125
During the luteal phase….
Progesterone and estrogen are produced by corpus luteum to prepare for pregnancy
126
Maturation of primary oocyte into secondary
Oogenesis
127
Oogenesis begins in a female fetus, when the ovary
Contains primordial germ cells called oogonia
128
During the fetal period, the oogonia starts
Meiosis (primary oocytes)
129
Primary oocytes in the primordial follicles remain arrested in
Meiosis 1 until after puberty
130
During childhood about __ of the primary oocytes regress
1/3
131
Produced by follicle cells under control of FSH
Estrogen
132
Maintains function of reproductive organs
Estrogen
133
Responsible for secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
134
Stimulates bone and muscle growth
Estrogen
135
Produced mainly by corpus luteum
Progesterone
136
Maintains secretory function of endometrium
Progesterone
137
Endometrium can be divided into the
Basal layer and functional layer
138
With menstruation, the functional layer and parts of the glands and blood vessels are __ and the basal layer __
Shed, remains intact
139
when there are no more follicles in the ovaries
Menopause
140
Menopause Occurs between ages of
45-55
141
During menopause, the endometrium
Stops growing
142
occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the main cavity of the
uterus.
Ectopic Pregnancy
143
ectopic pregnancy that occurs within the uterine tube and does not make it to full term
A “tubal” pregnancy
144
an often painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus grows outside the uterus
Endometriosis
145
During the endometriosis, the displaced tissue
Has no way to exit the body and is trapped
146
when endometriosis involves the ovaries,
Cysts (endometriomas) may form
147
invented by Dr. Georgios Papanikolaou in the 1930s.
PAP smear
148
used in gynecology to detect premalignant and malignant processes in the cervix.
PAP smear
149
In a Pap smear, cells from the cervix are examined for
Pre cancerous changed (cervical neoplasia/dysplasia)
150
cervical cancers are usually caused by
HPVs
151
paired folds of skin, often with pubic hair
the labia majora
152
folds of skin immediately internal to the labia majora
the labia minora
153
the space between the labia minora is called the
vestibule
154
What opens into the vestibule
external urethral orifice and vaginal canal
155
on either side of the vaginal orifice is an erectile tissue structure called
bulb of the
| vestibule
156
What tissue becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal
bulb of the vestibule
157
a pair of greater vestibular glands are located at the
posterior ends of the bulbar tissue
158
produce a sexual lubricant and have ducts which open near the 5 o’clock and 7 o’clock positions of the vaginal orifice.
greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands
159
the primary sensory structure of the female external genitalia is the
Clitoris
160
the clitoris is a midline erectile tissue structure formed by the
convergence of the crura
161
the body of the clitoris is usually hidden by the
Prepuce
162
circular cuff around the cervix
Fornix
163
Where vagina attaches
Fornix
164
A needle can be passed through the posterior fornix into the ___ to remove abnormal fluid such as blood.
rectouterine pouch
165
The vagina is lined with what tissue
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
166
Internal to the vagina lining is
Smooth muscle
167
The two crura join to form the
clitoris
168
Crura is anchored to the
ischiopubic rami
169
The bulb of the vestibule, supported by the __ , are found deep to the ___
perineal membrane, labia minora
170
the clitoris and bulb of the vestibule are __ which become engorged with blood during sexual arousal
erectile tissues
171
The crura are covered with muscle called
ischiocavernosus muscle
172
bulb of the vestibule covered by
bulbospongiosus muscle.
173
The bulbospongiosus muscle and Ischiocavernosus muscle function
Compress the veins of erectile tissues to keep blood to them longer
174
the pelvic floor is filled in with a cone-shaped muscle called
levator ani
175
interacts with the bladder neck and rectum through contractions to help with urinary and fecal continence
levator ani
176
the testes and ovaries develop from the
gonadal tissue of the genital ridge
177
the paramesonephric ducts give rise to the
Uterine tube
178
blood supply to the uterus and vagina come from branches off the
internal iliac artery
179
ovaries get their blood supply from
ovarian arteries
180
the internal pudendal artery originates in the
pelvis
181
the internal pudendal artery travels with the
pudendal nerve out of the pelvis
182
the internal pudendal artery supplies blood to the
erectile tissues and perineum
183
Density of connect tissue around uterine arteries called
Cardinal ligament
184
dilate the blood vessels of the erectile tissue so that they can
receive more blood during sexual arousal
parasympathetics
185
the parasympathetics to the erectile tissues come from the
S2-4 levels of the spinal cord
186
sensation from the external genitalia is carried by the
pudendal nerve
187
somatic nerve from S2-4 levels of the spinal cord
pudendal nerve
188
the pudendal nerve also has a
motor component to the external urethral sphincter and external anal sphincter
189
Not needed for erection but maintains arousal
pudendal nerve
190
the pudendal nerve leaves the pelvis
posteriorly
