Exam 5: Revised Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
From which embryologic mesoderm do the mesenephros originate?
A
Intermediate mesoderm
2
Q
Pronephros instigate the development of
A
Mesenephros
3
Q
Intermediate mesoderm condenses
A
Urogenital ridge
4
Q
What has a role in developing structure of the reproductive system
A
Urogenital ridge
5
Q
1st excretory organ to develop
A
Pronephros
6
Q
In the indifferent duct system, 2 ducts form inside
A
Embryos abdomen
7
Q
In the indifferent duct system, one duct will remain and one will regress dependent on
A
Genetic sex
8
Q
Ducts of the indifferent duct system include the
A
mesonephric ducts and paramesonephric ducts
9
Q
People developing ovaries will retain the
A
Paramesonephric ducts
10
Q
People developing testes will retain
A
Mesonephric ducts
11
Q
What develops in 5th week
A
Metanephros
12
Q
Metanephros form
A
Fully functional kidney by week 10
13
Q
The metanephros develop from which two structures.
A
Ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm
14
Q
Ureteric buds arise from
A
mesonephric duct
15
Q
Into which structures will the ureteric buds develop
A
Form structures that collect urine
16
Q
Into which structures will the metanephric mesoderm develop
A
Nephron components: produce urine
17
Q
What are the main functions of the urinary system?
A
Storage and excretion of urine, regulation of blood volume, regulation of ions/acids and bases/ erythrocytes production
18
Q
Main organs that make up urinary system
A
Kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra, renal pelvis
19
Q
Superior border of kidney is located
A
T12
20
Q
Inferior border of kidney is located
A
L3
21
Q
Kidney function
A
Filter blood
22
Q
What sits on top of kidneys
A
Adrenal glands
23
Q
Why is there so much fat around kidney
A
Cushion and support kidney
24
Q
Kidney is located against the
A
Posterior wall of abdomen
25
What kidney is higher
Left because of liver
26
Outer layer of kidney
Cortex
27
Extensions of the cortex
Renal columns
28
Renal columns project into the
Medulla
29
Collecting system order
Medulla produces urine, papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra
30
Flow of blood into the kidney
Abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arucuate artery, cortical artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole
31
Associated with the nephron loop in medulla
Vasa recta
32
Associated with convoluted tubules in cortex
Peritubular capillaries
33
How does the left renal vein differ from the right? Why?
Renal veins are asymmetrical, left is larger because of location of IVC
34
Functional filtration unit of kidney
Nephron
35
Parts of the nephron
Corpuscle, PCT, DCT, nephron loop, collecting duct
36
In the nephron loop the corpuscle is made up of
Glomerulus and capsule
37
Two type of nephrons
Cortical and juxtamedullary
38
Cortical nephrons make up
85%
39
Juxtamedullary nephrons make up
15%
40
What nephrons lies in the cortex vs corticomedullary junction
Cortical, juxtamedullary
41
Short nephron loop that barely penetrates the medulla
Cortical nephrons
42
Loop extends deep into the medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons
43
Work during periods of high activity
Juxtamedullary nephrons
44
Work under normal conditions
Cortical nephrons
45
Filtration process is
Non selective
46
Filtration: Movement of substances from __ to __
Blood, capsular space
47
Filtration is due to
Pressure
48
Reabsorption and secretion involve movement
In the opposite direction
49
What two structures make up the renal corpuscle
Glomerulus and glomerular capsule
50
Ball of intertwining capillaries
Glomerulus
51
Glomerular capsule has what components
Visceral layer and parietal layer
52
Parietal layer of the capsule is
Outside, composed of simple squamous
53
Podocytes
Assist in filtration
54
The visceral layer of the capsule placement
Lies over glomerulus
55
Three components of filtration membrane
Endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and visceral layer of glomerular capsule
56
The endothelium of the glomerulus is
Fenestrated
57
The endothelium of the glomerulus has _ that allow dissolves structures to pass through but not ___ ones
Tiny pores, larger
58
The basement membrane of the glomerulus is __ and allows
Porous, smaller structures to pass thru while restricting large ones
59
Visceral layer of glomerular capsule is made up of
Podocytes and Pedicles and filtration slits
60
Filtration slits restrict passage of
Most small proteins
61
Epithelium in PCT and DCT
```
PCT= simple cubodial cells with tall microvilli
DCT= simple cubodial with sparse microvilli
```
62
Function of PCT
Reabsorption
63
Function of tall microvilli in PCT
Increase SA and resabsorption
64
Modification begins here
PCT
65
Reabsorb missed ions by the PCT
Nephron loop
66
Secrete ions (K snd H) into tubular fluid
DCT
67
In the DCT, water is reabsorbed with
ADH in response to low blood volume
68
Thick limbs
Simple cubodial
69
Thin limbs
Simple squamous
70
Nephron loop has two parts
Descending limb and ascending limb
71
Descending limb descends from the
Cortex to medulla
72
Ascending limb acsends from
Medulla into cortex
73
1st half of descending limb tissue=
| 2nd half tissue=
1st half is simple cubodial
| 2nd half is simple squamous
74
1st half of ascending limb tissue=
| 2nd half =
1st half is simple squamous and 2nd half is simple cubodial
75
Carries urine into pelvic cavity to empty into bladder
Ureter
76
What prevents urine from reentering the urethra?
Oblique angle of bladder
77
What is the epithelial lining found in the bladder and urethra?
Transitional
78
Muscle of bladder
Detrusor
79
4 layers of bladder
Muscosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
80
Mucosa layer is made up of
Transitional epithelium for stretching bladder
81
Submusosa is made of
Dense, irregular CT
82
Muscularis layer is made of
Detrusor muscle
83
Adventitia layer is
Outer loose CT
84
Significance of trigone
No rugae or detrusor muscle, drains urine from bladder to urethra
85
What is the clinical significance associated with the shorter length of the female urethra compared to that of the male?
More prone to UTIs
86
Storage and release of urine
Micturition reflex
87
Function of calyces of kidney
Collect urine from nephrons
88
Group of modified epithelial cells in the DCT that touch juxtamedullar cells
Macula densa
89
Contraction of the macula densa reduces flow of ___ retaining more __
Filtrate into PCT, H20 and Na
90
What cells monitor BP, increase Na ions
Macula densa
91
The macula densa stimulates the
Juxta cells to contract the afferent arteriole and release renin
92
Modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular cells
93
The juxtaglomerular cells produce
Renin when bp is low
94
Function of aldosterone
Increase reabsorption of Na from filtrate to blood
95
What pathway results in aldosterone production
Renin angiotensin pathway
96
Juxtaglomerular cells are located where
Wall of afferent arteriole
97
Specialized cells at the point of contact with DCT and afferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
98
When the bladder is full, what signals the mictrution reflex
Stretch receptors
99
Once the micturtion reflex is signaled, impulse travel to the
Detrusor and internal urethral sphincter
100
Smooth muscle in the internal urethral sphincter __ and detrusor __ in parasympathetics
Relaxes, contracts (release urine)
101
Parasympathetic to bladder
Stimulate micrutrition
102
Sympathetic to bladder
Inhibit micturition (store urine)
103
In the micturition reflex, you must consciously relax the
External urethral sphincter
104
PCT arises from
Tubular pole
105
Afferent and efferent arterioles enter and leave glomerulus here
Vascular pole
106
Where is the glomerular space
End of nephron
107
Filtrate will flow from the
Glomerular space into PCT
108
PCT function
Facilitates reabsorption of solutes
109
Distal convoluted tubule will function in
Secretion
110
The fuzzy lumen Is created by the
Tall microvilli
111
Peritubular capillaries surround the
PCT and DCT
112
The vasa recta surrounds the
Nephron loop
113
Collecting tubules and ducts act under the influence of __ to __
Anti diuretic hormone and aldosterone, limit loss of water and sodium from blood
114
Released in response to dehydration
adh
115
Triggers the conservation of water and Na
ADH
116
Increase blood ion concentrations and blood volume
Aldosterone
117
Macula densa cells of DCT will sense a
Increase in Na ion concentration in blood
118
Contraction of afferent arteriole…
Reduces pressure inside glomerulus and maintains sodium/water in blood
119
Renin is released which triggers
Aldosterone release
120
Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of sodium in the
Nephron loop
121
Ureters Insert in the
posterolateral wall of the bladder
122
Create a __ that prevents backflow of urine to ureter
one way valve in the bladder
123
Three tunics of ureter
Mucosa, muscularis (smooth muscle), adventitia (elastic and collagen fibers)
124
The amount of urine leaving these openings is controlled by the
Sphincter
125
Internal urethral sphincter under __ and external urethral sphincter is under __
Involuntary, voluntary
126
Intermediate mesoderm condenses on the posterior abdominal wall and forms the
urogenital ridge
127
urogenital ridge produces
Pronephros
128
Pronephros degeneration instigates the development of the
mesonephros and the mesonephric duct
129
filter waste from the embryo that drains into the mesonephric duct and to the cloaca
Mesonephros
130
Metanephric mesoderm (blastema) forms from the remaining __ and forms the __
intermediate mesoderm, urine producing structures of the kidney
131
What forms a fully functional kidney
Ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm
132
The ureteric bud forms which of the following structures:
A. Pronephros
b. Collecting structures of the kidney
c. Urine producing structures of the kidney
d. Mesonephric duct
e. Paramesonephric duct
B
133
Which of the following structures instigates the development of the mesonephros?
a. Ureteric bud
b. Metanephric mesoderm
c. Pronephros
d. Mesonephric duct
e. Renal pelvis
C
134
What structure do collecting ducts drain
Renal pelvis
