Nervous Tissue/Brain/ (Exam 3) Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Nervous system consists of the
A
CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (Cranial and spinal nerves)
2
Q
Nervous system divided functionally into
A
Sensory and motor systems
3
Q
Receives sensation regarding the condition of the body and outside environments
A
Sensory system
4
Q
Delivers signals to muscles and glands in body to perform an action
A
Motor system
5
Q
Types of the sensory and motor system
A
Somatic and visceral
6
Q
Nervous tissue is made up of
A
Neurons and glial cells
7
Q
Receives and processes info we are aware of (touch, pan, vision, smell, hearing, taste)
A
Somatic sensory
8
Q
Receivers and processes information that we aren’t aware of (O2 and CO2 in blood, body temperature, location of food in digestive tract)
A
Visceral sensory
9
Q
Delivers nerve impulses to skeletal muscles (voluntary)
A
Somatic motor
10
Q
Delivers nerve impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands of body
A
autonomic, involuntary motor
11
Q
Forms wall of heart
A
Cardiac muscle
12
Q
Forms smooth muscle
A
Walls of arteries and digestive tract
13
Q
Glands
A
Produce sweat tears mucus and saliva
14
Q
Properties of neurons…
A
High metabolic rate, depend on constant supply of glucose and oxygen, have huge longevity, can change but can’t divide
15
Q
Neurons depend on the constant supply of
A
Glucose and oxygen
16
Q
Types of neurons
A
Unipolar and multipolar
17
Q
What are the components of the unipolar neurons
A
Cell body, peripheral process, dendrites, central process, short single process
18
Q
Neurons control center responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses
A
Cell body
19
Q
Carries sensory information from the skin to the cell body
A
Peripheral process
20
Q
Dendrites in unipolar neurons
A
Detect touch, pain, temperature, and vibration on skin
21
Q
Send impulses from cell body to CNS
A
CENTRAL PROCESS
22
Q
where the central and peripheral process attach to the cell body
A
Short single process
23
Q
Dendrites in multipolar neurons
A
Conduct nerve impulses toward cell body to be processed, mainly from other neurons
24
Q
Components of the multipolar neurons
A
Cell body, dendrites, axon, axon nillock, axon collateral, telodendria
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Transmit nerve impulses away from cell body
AXON
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Transition from cell body to axon
Axon nillock
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Side branch of axon
Axon collateral
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End of branches of axon; increase spread of effect of impulse
Telodendria
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Gray matter of spinal cord is
Center of spinal cord, cell bodies and neurons
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What horn is responsible for sensory and motor function
```
Sensory = dorsal
Motor= ventral
```
31
Buldge formed by a group of cell bodies
Ganglia
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Sensory information by what neurons
Unipolar neurons
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Sensory information deceivers to CNS, (what information)
Afferent information
34
Motor information delivered to muscles and glands, what information?
Efferent information
35
Send impulses to motor neurons in ventral horn
Reflex
36
Internurons are
Multipolar Neurons and association neurons
37
What makes up 99% of the central nervous system
Interneurons
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Motor neurons are multipolar or unipolar
Multipolar
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Glial cells are loctaed in the
Cns&pns
40
Characteristics of glial cells
Smaller, assist neurons with their functions, physically protect and nourish neurons,
Provide framework for nervous tissue, account for half of nervous system volume
41
Glial cells are capable of ? Unlike neurons
Mitosis
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Are there more glial or neurons
Glial cells
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6 types of glial cells
4 in CNS and 2 in PNS
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Glial cells in the CNS
Astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, and olignodendrocytes
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Glial cells in PNS
Satellite cells, schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
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Star shape, processes touch capillaries and neuron parts
Astrocytes
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Functions of astrocytes…
Releases calcium into fluid = storing memories
Form part of the CNS structural framework, fill in space when neurons die.
Form blood brain barriers
48
Controls substances that can leave capillaries and enter the fluid surrounding neurons; protects tissue of CNS from toxins
Blood brain barrier
49
Three specializations of blood brain barrier
1. Continuous basement membrane
2. Tight junctions between simple squamous cells
3. Perivascular feet of astrocytes
50
Cubodial like ventricles of brain and central canal; have cilia to move cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
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Function of ependymal cells
Ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid (nourish the brain )
Cover capillaries lining these cavities
Form choroid plexus
52
Smallest slender branches extending from cell body
Microglia
53
Functions of microglia
Replicate in response to infection
| Perform phagocytic activity and remove debris from damaged neurons
54
Large bulbous body and slender process
Olignodendrocytes
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Olignodendrocytes functions…
Form myelin
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Function of myelin
Increases conduction of velocity of neurons
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Impulse traveling down an axon….
Result of reversal of polarity of the cell membrane due to calcium entering neuron
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Without myelin what happens?
Reversal of polarity would go to the entire length of cell membrane (continuous conduction)
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With myelin what happens…
Reversal of polarity could skip node to node (saltatory conduction)
60
Flat cells, around neuronal bodies
Satellite cells
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Function of satellite cells
Regulate nutrient delivery and removal of waste products in neurons
62
Axons of multipolar cells and peripheral/ central processes of unipolar cells
Schwann cells/ neurolemmocytes
63
Functions of Schwann cells
Attach to portions of a neuronal process and wrap themselves around processes, laying concentric layers to for, myelin
64
CT surrounding peripheral nerve processes and myelin
Endoneurium
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CT surrounding a fascile
Perineurium
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CT surrounding a peripheral nerve
Epineurium
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A glial cell tumors, can be benign or malignant
Gliomas
68
Immune system attacks myelin of axons in CNS, causing communication problems
Multiple sclerosis
69
The brain can be further divided into the
Cerebrum,brain stem, and cerebellum
70
Main type of neuron in the brain
Multipolar neuron
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Process that sends information away from the cell body
Axon
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Multipolar neurons have many _ and a single _
Dendrites and axon
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Axons of most neurons are covered in
Myelin, formed by glial cells
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The myelin does or doesn’t coat the entire surface of the axon
Doesn’t
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The central nervous system begins development as a
Neural tube
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At the 4th week of development, the cranial end develops….
Three dilutions or primary vesicles
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The three dilations or primary vesicles are known as the…
Prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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At the 5th week of development of the brain, the
Primary vesicles further specialize into secondary vesicles
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In the 5th week, prosencephalon gives rise to
Telencephalon and diencephalon
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What retains the same name in the 5th week of brain development
Mesencephalon
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In the 5th week of development, rhombencephalon gives rise to
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
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The completed structures of the prosencephalon are
Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
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The completed structure of the mesencephalon is the
Midbrain
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The completed structure of the rhombencephalon are the
Pons and cerebellum, medulla
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Anterior
Front
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Posterior
Back
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Dorsal
Superior
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Ventral
Inferior
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The cerebrum consists of the
Right and left hemispheres
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The hemispheres of the cerebrum are partially separated by the
Longitudinal fissure
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What process is the location of conscious thought and complex intellectual function
Cerebrum
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What allows us to comprehend the world around us
Cerebrum
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What houses memories
Cerebrum
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What allows us to be aware of sensory unpin and initiate motor activity
Cerebrum
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The surface of the brain is
Convoluted (wrinkled) with gyri (hills) and sulci (valleys) to increase surface area
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Gray matter can be found on the
outside of brain (cortex) or within the white matter (nuclei)
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White matter in the brain is found
Deep to the cortex and contains bundles of myelinated axons
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The brain and spinal cord are protected by
Bone and meninges
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The meninges consist of 3 layers of connective tissue
Pia matter, arachnoid matter, dura matter
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Thin layer of connective tissue adherent to the surface of the brain, following the surface of the gyri and sulci
Pia matter (delicate mother)
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Located external to the pia matter, more loosely covering the brain without diving into the sulci
Arachnoid mater (webby mother )
102
What space is between the pia matter and arachnoid matter, and function
Subarachnoid space= contains CSF that acts as a shop absorber
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Filamentous extensions of arachnoid mater called
Arachnoid trabeculae
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Arachnoid trabeculae function
Anchor the arachnoid mater to the pia mater
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Composed of two layers: periosteal and meningeal layer
Dura matter, tough mother
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Where is the periosteal layer of the dura
Lines inside of the cranium
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The meningeal layer of dura is fused to the
Periosteal layer throughout much of the skull
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Extends between the cerebral hemispheres and reduces movement of the brain under the skull
Falx cerebri
109
The tentorium cerebelli supports the
Posterior part of the brain, with the cerebellum below
110
The venous blood from the brain drains mainly into….
A system of sinuses within the dura mater
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The venous sinuses receive…
Deoxygenated blood from brain and deliver it to internal jugular veins
112
Empties into the confluence of sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus
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Inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein empty into the
Straight sinus
114
Straight sinus empties into the
Confluence of sinuses
115
Blood entering the confluence of sinuses goes
Left or right into a transverse sinus
116
The transverse sinuses become the
Sigmoid sinuses when they course inferiorly to empty into internal jugular veins
117
Receive blood from the ophthalmic veins in the orbit
Cavernous sinuses
118
The superior petrosal sinus carries blood from the
Cavernus sinus to the sigmoid sinus
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The inferior petrosal sinus carries blood from the
Cavernous sinus to the internal jugular vein
120
The great cerebral vein is a
True vein
121
The dural venous sinuses have walls
composed of dura mater
122
The CNS forms a tube like structure called the
Neural tube
123
As the brain develops, the lumen develops into the
ventricular system
124
The ventricles of the brain contain
Cerebrospinal fluid
125
Function of CSF
Helps to provide nourishment for the brain
126
What are the lateral ventricles in the brain
C shaped, within cerebral hemispheres
127
Slit like ventricle between right and left diencephalon in brain
3rd ventricle
128
Diamond shaped ventricle in brain between brain stem and cerebellum
4th ventricle
129
Connections between lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle
Inter ventricular foramina
130
Connection through midbrain between 3rd and 4th ventricles
Mesencephalic aqueduct
131
Narrow canal through center of spinal cord
Central canal
132
Openings in the 4th ventricle that allow CSF to flow into subarachnoid space
Apertures
133
CSF is derived from the
Blood vascular system by choroid plexus
134
Is there choroid plexus in each of the 4 ventricles of brain
Yes
135
CSF is continuously produced by
Choroid plexus
136
Approximately what mL of CSF is produced each day
500 mL
137
There is between what and what within the subarachnoid space at any given time
100 mL and 160 mL
138
CSF flows through…
Ventricular system and subarachnoid space
139
CSF is returned to blood into
Superior sagittal sinus
140
What are arachnoid villi?
One way valves that project from subarachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus, allows CSF to enter sinus
141
Pathological condition in which the brain swells due to build up of pressure and enlargement of ventricles.
Hydrocephalus
142
Major lobes of the brain
Frontal partial occipital temporal and insula
143
Where is the central sulcus located
Between frontal and parietal lobes
144
The lateral fissure helps to define the
Temporal lobe
145
Where does the insula lobe lie
Deep to the lateral sulcus
146
Primary motor cortex in the
Precentral gyrus
147
Control skeletal muscle activity in the opposite side of the body according to the body map.
Primary motor cortex
148
Causes groups of muscles to contract in a specific sequence
Premotor cortex
149
What’s anterior to the primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
150
Motor speech area in brain, ability to speak and write
Broca’s area
151
Brocas area is located in the
Lower margin of the premotor cortex
152
Receives sensation from the skin on the opposite side of the body according to the sensory homunculus
Primary somatosensory cortex
153
Primary somatosensory cortex is located in the
Postcentral gyrus
154
Integrates the qualities of the sensory information coming into the primary somatosensory cortex in order to identify everyday objects without looking at them
Somatosensory association cortex
155
Processes incoming visual information
Occipital lobe
156
Provides conscious awareness of smells
Primary olfactory cortex (temporal)
157
Receives and processes auditory information
Primary auditory cortex (temporal)
158
Primary gustatory cortex is located in the
Insula and processes taste information
159
Werinckes area is found in the
Left hemisphere
160
Involved in the understanding written and spoken language
Werinckes area
161
Responsible for integrating all sensory info in order to provide context to your environment (having knowledge)
Gnostic area
162
Limbic system is responsible for
Emotion and memories tied to strong emotions
163
Map of the body on the pre central and post central gyri which indicates the relative amount of cortex devoted to the various body parts
Homunculus
164
Higher order functions of the brain
Encompass learning, memory, reasoning and consciousness
165
Where does higher order functions of the brain occur
In cerebral cortex, includes conscious and subconscious processes of information
166
The left side of the brain tends to handle
Language math and reasoning
167
The right side of the to handle
Imagination, artistic ability, insight
168
Axons are bundled into units called
Tracts
169
Association tracts interconnect
Different regions of the same hemisphere
170
Commissural tracts interconnect
The two hemispheres
171
Projection tracts link the
Hemispheres with the brain stem and spinal cord
172
The diencephalon includes the
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
173
Diencephalon forms the walls of
The third ventricle
174
Diencephalon consists of several
Thalamic nuclei
175
What part of the brain receives, filters, and relays somatic sensory information to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
176
Hypothalamus functions….
1. Controls ANS
2. controls endocrine system
3. Regulates food and water intake
4. control emotions
5. Oversees circadian rhythm
177
The epithalamus houses the
Pineal gland, secretes melatonin
178
Brain stem includes
Midbrain, pons, medulla
179
The superior part of brain stem
Midbrain
180
Midbrain has a _ running through it
Cerebral aqueduct
181
The midbrain has pillars in the front called
Cerebral peduncles
182
What produces dopamine
Substantia nigra
183
The dopaminergic neurons effect brain processes that
Control movement and emotions
184
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons leads to
Parkinson’s disease
185
Superior colliculi in the midbrain help…
Visually track moving objects
186
Inferior colliculi in the midbrain help…
Orient our senses to sound
187
Middle part of the brain stem
Pons
188
Has strong connections to cerebellum for relaying copies of motor commands from cerebrum
Pons
189
Inferior part of brain stem
Medulla
190
Contains a cardiac center and respiratory center
Medulla
191
Attached to the back of the brain stem
Cerebellum
192
The cerebellum has right and left hemisphere and folds called
Folia
193
Refinds skeletal muscle movements so that motion is smooth and coordinated
Cerebellum
194
Capable of storing memories of previously learned movements, gets a rough draft of motor commands from cerebrum and fine tunes movements, aware of body part positions
Cerebellum
195
Uncoordinated jerky movement due to impaired cerebellar function
Ataxia
196
Motor commands sent from the
Premotor cortex to spinal cord
197
Pons relays a copy of motor commands to
cerebellum
198
Cerebellum makes adjustments if movements….
To plan and send those adjustments to cerebrum
199
Order of CSF flow
```
Lateral ventricle
Interventricular foremen
3rd ventricle
Mesencephalic aqueduct
4th ventricle
Apertures
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid villi
Superior sagittal sinus
```
200
Part of the brain that secretes melatonin from pineal gland
Epithalamus
