Exam 4: Revised Respiratory System Flashcards by Mia Sassano

The thoracic wall is a boney framework made up of

Ribs that articulate with vertebra (posteriorly) and sternum (anteriorly)

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Openings at the superior and inferior end of the thoracic wall

Apertures

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What is significant about the inferior opening

It is covered completely by respiratory diaphragm, results in respiration

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What type of epithelium would we find in the nasal vestibule

Stratified squamous

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What is the location of the nasal conchae

Lateral walls of nasal cavity

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Function of the nasal conchae

Increase SA of nasal cavity and create turbulence that retains air in cavity

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Paranasal sinus functions

Lighten skull, tone voice, maintains moisture in cavity, and protect vital face structures

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Identify drainage of paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity

Drain into nasal cavity by nasal meatuses, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid drain into nasal cavity under superior/middle conchae.

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Nasal septum is made from fusion of which bones

Ethmoid and vomer bone

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Epithelium within nasal vestibule

Stratified squamous

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Epithelium within nasal cavity

Respiratory epithelium

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Respiratory epithelium is composed of

Pseudo stratified, ciliated columnar with goblet cells

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Function of cilia

Clear foreign particles from respiratory tract

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Goblet cells function

Mucus production

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Function of olfactory epithelium

Sense of smell

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Three structures within olfactory epithelium that contribute to sense of smell

Olfactory receptor cells, olfactory glands, olfactory bulb

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Respiratory mucosa function and parts

Protectant/secretant

Respiratory epithelium, thick basement membrane, and seromucus glands in lamina propria

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Function of sero mucosal glands

Produce serious fluid and mucus

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Air or food pathway for larynx parts

Nasopharynx is air, oropharynx and laryngopharynx are food and air

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Epithelium is nasopharynx

Respiratory

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Boundaries of nasopharynx

Extends from internal nares to soft palate (contains tonsils and uvula)

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Oropharynx and laryngopharynx epithelium

Stratified squamous

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Boundaries of oropharynx

Soft palate to hyoid bone, palatine and lingual tonsils included

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Boundaries of laryngopharynx

Hyoid bone to inferior border of cricoid cartilage, opening to larynx and esophagus

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Specific functions of larynx

Sound production

Protects posterior larynx side by wrapping around, ringlike, inferior to thyroid cartilage with inferior horns

Cricoid cartilage

The epiglottis is attached to

Cricoid cartilage

Directs food into esophagus by closing laryngeal inlet during swallowing

Epiglottis

Function of vocal fold

Primary source of sound production, vibrate and air passes through.

Forms Adam’s apple, large C shaped, covers only __ side of larynx

Thyroid cartilage, anterior

Anterior attachment of vocal ligaments

Thyroid cartilage

Posterior attachment of vocal ligaments

Artynenoid cartilage

Epithelium in trachea

Respiratory epithelium

What structure is unique to trachea and where is it located

C shaped rings support trachea, flexible tube extends inferiorly from larynx to lungs

Significance of smooth muscle in the trachea

Allows esophagus to slightly bulge into the lumen of the trachea when swallowing, constricts airway if somethings stuck

Trachea and primary bronchi characteristics

Cartilaginous rings support, trachea bifureates unevenly—right bronchus enters lungs more vertically and wider than left bronchus

Material in bronchi or trachea more likely to become lodged on

Right side

In the secondary bronchi,

Present with a reduction in cartilage because smaller sized, cartilaginous plates

Why are the lungs asymmetrical

Right lung doesn’t have heart on its side, forms middle lobe. Left lung has cardiac impression on medial surface and lingula because of heart

Cardiac notch on left lung is on the

Anterior border

Pulmonary arteries are what kind of structures

Superior structures

Pulmonary veins are what kind of structures

Inferior

Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

Arteries

Exit lungs and carry oxygenated blood to left atrium

Veins

Why is cartilage present on bronchi

Hyaline cartilage is present to support bronchi and keep airway open so bronchi doesn’t collapse

Epithelium that lines the alveolar duct and why

Simple squamous because gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries

Terminal clusters of alveoli

Alveolar sac

Communication between multiple alveoli and collateral ventilation

Alveolar pore

Type 1 pneumocytes

Simple squamous cell, promotes rapid gas diffusion across wall

Type 2 pneumocytes

Produce surfactant, function as stem cell, reduce tension and prevent alveoli collapse

Dust cells

Keep alveoli clean and remove foreign cells, migratory (macrophage)

The blood air barrier is formed by

Pulmonary capillaries and alveoli, 2 simple squamous layers and fused basement membrane

Parietal and visceral pleura are connected by

Serious fluid

Parietal pleura attaches

Lining thoracic cavity, chest to wall

Visceral pleura covers the

Lungs

Diaphragm role in quiet respiration

External intercostals and diaphragm alternately contracts and relax

Effect of contraction on external intercostals on thoracic cavity

Alternatively increase and decrease volume

Muscles in forced inhalation

Pectoralis minor and serratus posterior superior = superior to thoracic cavity

Muscles and location of forces exhalation

Serratus posterior inferior, abdominals, and internal intercostals= inferior to thoracic cavity

Diaphragm innervates by

Phrenic nerve (somatic)

Intercostal muscles innervated by

Intercostal nerves that lie in intercostal spaces

What’s the respiratory center

Gathers info from stretch receptors in lungs and chemoreceptors in arteries

The function of respiratory center

Sets baseline rate needed to maintain oxygen during rest

Respiratory center found in

Medulla

What are mechanoreceptors

Stretch receptors in lungs

Where are mechanoreceptors found

Smooth muscle, respond to excessive stretching in lung

How do the mechanoreceptors respond to large inspirations?

Stop inhalation, initiates exhalation

What are the chemoreceptors?

Sense changes in blood oxygen and co2 levels= trigger inhalation

Where are the chemoreceptors found.

Aortic and carotid bodies

Which cranial nerves transmit information from the carotid bodies? From the aortic bodies?

``` Carotid= CN IX glossopharyngeal Aortic= CN X vagus ```

Order of bronchus distribution

Primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, bronchioles (no cartilage) , and terminal bronchioles

Sympathetic ANS stimulation

Bronchodilation

Parasympathetic ANS

Bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion

Epithelium found in terminal bronchioles and bronchioles

Respiratory

Vocal ligaments originate on the

Thyroid cartilage and insert onto artyenoid cartilage

The posterior cricoartyenoid muscle extends from the and functions

Cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage, abducts vocal ligaments

Abducting vocal ligaments moves the vocal ligaments

Father apart

The arytenoid muscles will insert on each of the __ and when contracted will ___

Arytenoid cartilages, adduct or pull aryenoid cartilages together

Membrane that extends from cricoid cartilage to vocal ligaments

Conus elasticus

Function of Conus elasticus

Forces air through the space between the vocal ligaments

Space between vocal ligaments

Rima glottidis

As muscles move the vocal ligaments the rima glottidis…

Changes shape, changing sound air as it passes