Flashcards in Exam 4: Female Reproductive System Deck (39):
1
Gonads
-ovaries
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Accessory Reproductive Organs
- uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and mammary glands
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Puberty
-anterior pituitary releases FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone)
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Ovary
-functions: mature, house, and release oocytes (sex cells), produce female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
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Ovary External Anatomy
-each is oval shaped
-within pelvic cavity
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Ovary Internal Anatomy
-has an outer cortex and an inner medulla
-medulla contains blood vessels
-cortex contains ovarian follicles
-ovarian follicles consist of an oocyte (egg) plus follicle (or granulosa) cells that surround the oocyte
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Primordial Follicle
-in female fetus and female child ovary
-primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicle cells
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Primary Follicel
-first seen at puberty
-primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal follicle (granulosa) cells
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Secondary Follicle
-first seen at puberty
-primary oocyte + follicle (granulosa) cells + antrum (fluid-filled space)
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Vesicular Follicle
-first seen at puberty
-typically only one of these produced each month and will undergo ovulation
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Ovulation
-process where a seconday oocyte is expelled from ovary
-caused by a spike or peak in LH
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Corpus Luteum (function)
-ruptured follicle that underwent ovulation
-yellowish
-function: secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining
-limited lifespan
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Corpus Albicans:
-degenerated corpus luteum
-white CT scar
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Oogenesis Before Birth (Fetal Period)
-ovary contains oogonia (oocyte"stem cells" or 'parent cells') oogonia contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
-primary oocytes are oogonia that start the process of Meiosis!! (meiosis process is "arrested" at Prophase I)
-so before birth, the ovary will contain primarily primordial follicles (which have primary oocytes in them!)
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Oogenesis During Childhood
-ovary is inactive
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Oogenesis During Puberty
-anterior pituitary secretes FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone): stimulates follicle development
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Each Month from Puberty to Menopause
-about 20 primordial follicles develop into primary follicles
- some primary follicles degenerate, while others become secondary follicles
-one secondary follicle becomes "dominant" and matures into a vesicular follicle
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Vesticular Follicle in oogenesis
-is the primary oocyte completes Meiosis I, but gets stopped at Metaphase II of meiosis
-at this point, you now have a secondary oocyte!
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Ovulation in oogenesis
-happens at about day 14 because of a peak in LH levels
-the structure expelled is a secondary oocyte
-this oocyte is still suspended at metaphase II - it will not complete meiosis UNLESS it becomes fertilized by a sperm!
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After Ovulation
-FSH and LH levels decline
-ruptured ovarian follicle becomes a corpus luteum
-corpus luteum eventually becomes a corpus albicans
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If woman does not get pregnant
-10-13 days after ovulation corpus luteum degenrates
-estrogen and progesterone levels drop
-menstruation occurs
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If woman does get pregnant
-Fertilized oocyte secretes hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
-prolongs corups luteum life for 3 months
-after 3 months placenta produces estrogen and progesterone
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Uterine Tubes
-paired tubes that attach to the uterus
-each uterine tube is close to (but not attached to) the ovary!
-at the ends of each tube are fimbriae: finger like projections that catch the oocyte
-functions: pick up oocyte and transports it to uterus, site of fertilization of oocyte
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Tubal Pregnancy
-fertilized ovum implants in the uterine tube instead of
-severe cramping, potential bleeding by week 8
-threatens life of mother if it ruptures
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Uterus
-function: site of implantation and development of fertilized oocyte
-when a fertilized oocyte doesn't implant, it is the site for menstruation (shedding of part of the uterine wall)
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Uterus Gross Anatomy
-single, pear-shaped organ, in pelvic cavity
-cervix: inferior portion of uterus, projects into vagina
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Perimetrium
-outermost layer
-visceral peritoneum + areolar CT
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Myometrium
-middle layer
-THICKEST layer
-3 layers of smooth muscle
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Endometrium
- innermost layer
-highly vascular
-columnar epithelium and CT
-fertilized oocyte implants here
-it is subdivided into 2 sublayers: functional and basal
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Basal Layer
-the deeper layer immediately adjacent to the myometrium
-this is a permanent layer
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Functional Layer
-it will grow and develop during the ovarian cycle
-if a fertilized oocyte doesn't implant, this layer is shed during menstruation (menses)
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Why does menstruation occur?
-when corups luteum degenerates, levels of estrogen and progesterone DROP.
-functional layer breaks down
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Vagina
-muscular tube that opens to the outside
-lies behind bladder, and in front of rectum
-lined with nonkeretinized stratified squamous epithelium
-functions: expells a baby, receives penis, during sexual intercourse, menstruation
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Mons Pubis
-fatty, rounded area covered with pubic hair
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Labia Majora
-two elongated, skin folds between legs - covered with pubic hair
-homologous to: scrotum of male
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Labia Minora
thin, hairless skin folds
-between the labia minora are: urethral orifice (opening), vaginal orifice (opening), openings for the greater vestibular glands, clitoris
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Greater Vestibular Glands
-function: secrete mucus as a lubricant
-homologous to: penis (glans)
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Clitoris
-anterior to the urethral orifice
-homologous to: contains two columns of erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa)
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