Flashcards in Exam 3: Respiratory System Deck (42):
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Respiration
-process of gas exchange in the body
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Inhalation
-breathing in, inspiration
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Exhalation
-breathing out, expiration
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Respiratory Subdivisions
-conduction portion
-respiratory portion
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Conducting Portion
-conducts and transfers air, no gas exchange here
-nose and paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles
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Respiratory Portion
-gas exchange occurs here
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
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Functions of Respiratory System
-respiration/gas exchange (oxygen inhaled, carbon dioxide exhaled)
-filters inspired air
-warms and humidifies inspired air
-phonation
-olfaction
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Filters Inspired Air
-noes hairs trap particles
-goblet cells secrete mucus to trap materials
-cillia moves material away from lungs
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Warms and Humidifies Inspired Air
-mucosa of nasal cavity
-paranasal sinuses do this
-blood vessels in mucosa warm air
-moisture from mucus
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Phonation
-laryns (voice box)
-paranasal sinuses
-nasal cavity
-sinuses and nasal cavity provide a resonance to the voice
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Olfaction
-upper poriton of nasal cavity has olfactory epithelium (psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium plus bipolar neurons)
-odor molecules dissolve in mucus to be detected
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Nose
-has nostrils (external nares)
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Nasal Cavity
-internal nose
-subdivided by a nasal septum (ethmoid vomer and cartilage)
-floor: hard and soft (bony) palate (muscular)
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithalium
-superior part: olfactory epithelium + bipolar neurons of CNS
-functions: warm/humidify air, olfaction, filter air, phonation
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Lateral Side of Nasal Cavity
-3 pairs of bones (turbinate bones)
-superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
-function: create air trubulance: help swirl air around nasal cavity to help warm and humidify air by keeping it in the nose longer
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Paranasal Sinuses
-paired cavities/spaces within some of the skull bones that connect to the nasal cavity
-maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal
-functions: lighten skull bones, warm and humidify air, provide resonance to voice
-don't fully form till after puberty
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Pharynx
-throat
-connects the nasal cavity and mouth, to the larynx and esophagus
-contains several groups of tonsils
-subdivided into nasopharyns, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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Nasopharynx
-directly behind the nasal cavity
-inferior/lower border is soft palate
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-only air normally travels through here
-contains openings for auditory (eustachian) tubes
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Oropharynx
-from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
- directly behind the oral cavity
-both air and food travel in here
-nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Laryngopharynx
-from hyoid bone to the superior border of esophagus
-transports both food and air
-nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Larynx
-anterior to exophagus (food tube) in neck
-voice box
-functions: phonation, transports air to/from trachea
-contains many different cartilages connected together by ligaments (tyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytneoid)
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Thyroid Cartilage
-forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx
-V shaped
-Laryngeal prominence more prominent in males
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Cricoid Cartilage
-a ring of cartilage underneath thyroid cartilage and directly above trachea
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Epiglottis
-spoon shaped cartilage at top of larynx
-function: closes over larynx when we swallow
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Vocal Folds
-left and right
-true vocal cords
-attach from arytenoid to thyroid cartilage
-sound is produced when the cords vibrate against the pressure of air
-more air being forced through the larynx - louder sound
-longer=lower tones=tighter
-shorter=higher tones=looser
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Trachea
-connects to larynx superiorly
-travels from the neck into the thorax, where it splits into left and right primary bronchi
-composition: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
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Why does change occur in chronic smokers lining turns into stratified squamous?
-protective
-consequence: no cilia/mucus so smokers cough is necessary to clear the trachea
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Pleura
-serous membrane
-secretes serous fluid
-parietal pleura: lines thoracic wall
-visceral pleura: covers lungs
-pleural cavity: between parietal and visceral pleura
-serous fluid in pleural cavity
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Blood Supply to Lungs
-pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from (RV-->pulmonary trunk-->pulmonary arteries-->LA) heart to the lungs
-pulmonary veins carry blood high in oxygen back to the heart (LA)
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Surface Anatomy of Lungs
-right lung: superior, middle, and inferior lobe
-left lung: superior and inferior lobe
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Bronchial Tree
-as inhaled air travels in tubes, they get progressively smaller
-epithelium and composition of tubes changes
-largest bronchi have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - this epithelium changes to cuboidal and then to simple squamous epithelium as you travel down
- cartilage disappears in the smaller tubes, and is replaced by smooth muscle in the bronchioles
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Conduction Portion of Bronchial Tree
-left and right primary bronchi
-secondary (lobar) bronchi
-tertiary (segmental) bronchi
-bronchioles
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Primary Bronchi
-one goes to each lung
-lined with psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium
-these structures are outside the lung
-irregular plates of cartilage
-once they enter the lung they divide into secondary
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Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi
-go to one lobe of each lung
-irregular cartilage plates
-3 in right 2 in left
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Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi
-supply one specific segment of the lung (bronchopulmonary segments)
-still have some cartilage
-segmental bronchi divide into smaller bronchi and these smaller bronchi divide into bronchioles
-psuedostratified cilliated columnar epithelium
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Bronchioles
-no cartilage here
-cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle (when contracts-->bronchoconstriction-parasympathetic, when loosens-->bronchiodialation-sympathetic)
-last generation of bronchioles in conducting portion are terminal bronchioles
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Respiratory Portion
-gas exchange occurs
-respiratory bronchiles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli
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Respiratory Bronchiles (Tissue)
-simple cubodal epithelium
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Alveolar Ducts (Tissue)
-simple squamous epithelium, good for diffusion
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Alveoli
-smallest units of respiratory portion
-simple squamous epithelium
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Bronchitis vs. Pneumonia
-similarities: both cause inflammation of part of respiratory passageways
-differences: bronchitis is inflamed bronchi, caused by infection or exposure to irritants like smoking. pneumonia is inflamed alveoli cause by infection, respiratory membrane thickens and fluid/leukocytes fill alveoli
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Function of Tonsils
-provide first line of defense against pathogens in air, food or drink
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