Exam 5 Flashcards
(233 cards)
1
Q
What do high temperatures (over 100 degrees) do to HCHO?
A
Accelerates polymerization/precipitation
2
Q
What do high temperatures (over 100 degrees) do to disinfectants and preservatives?
A
Breaks them down
3
Q
Storing fluids in extreme cold (less than 32 degrees) causes what to solutes?
A
Polymerization/precipitation
4
Q
What is the ideal temperature for fluid storage?
A
55 degrees
5
Q
Methanol is incorporated into embalming fluid as what?
A
An anti-polymerization agent
6
Q
What does methanol do to HCHO?
A
Extends shelf life
7
Q
The average shelf life of embalming fluid is between?
A
2-5 years
8
Q
Without methanol, HCHO will polymerize into what?
A
Paraformaldehyde Crystals
9
Q
If HCHO polymerizes into paraformaldehyde crystals, formalin then forms what?
A
Formic Acid
10
Q
Once methanol breaks down, the fluid becomes _________
A
Useless
11
Q
What is paraformaldehyde used in?
A
Preservative powders
12
Q
Shelf life is prolonged by adding what to embalming fluid
A
Buffers
13
Q
Strongly alkaline solutions cause this, which is the breakdown of HCHO
A
Cannizzaro’s reaction
14
Q
What kind of solutions cause Cannizzaro’s reaction?
A
Strongly Alkaline
15
Q
Highly acidic solutions promotes what?
A
Precipitation/polymerization
16
Q
What kind of solutions promote precipitation/polymerization
A
Highly Acidic
17
Q
What kind of solutions promote precipitation/polymerization
A
Highly Acidic
18
Q
What kind of solution is best for arterial fluid?
A
Slighlty acidic (7.3)
19
Q
Light causes a color change to embalming fluids, interfering with the eventual reaction of what?
A
Cosmetic dyes
20
Q
Light increases what of the formaldehyde?
A
Polymerization
21
Q
Light increases what of the formaldehyde?
A
Polymerization
22
Q
The breakdown of active dyes and precipitation/polymerization can be delayed and shelf life extended by the utilization of what?
A
Tinted bottles and containers
23
Q
List the factors that influence the stability of shelf life
A
Temperature Time pH Light Quality of methanol to prevent polymerization
24
Q
All embalming chemicals are caustic in nature and will damage what?
A
Tissue and mucous membranes
25
What kind of gloves should be work?
Latex or nitral
26
To protect the embalmer's respiratory tract, these should always be utilized
Exhaust Ventilation
27
This occurs in the tank of your injection
Primary dilution
28
The dilution of the concentrated fluid with the water to form the arterial fluid solution
Primary Dilution
29
The union of the tissue juices and liquids of the body with the arterial fluid solution to further reduce the concentration of the preservative ingredients
Secondary Dilution
30
Where does secondary dilution always occur?
Within the body
31
This is the key variable in determining both primary and secondary dilution
Moisture Content of the body
32
It is the degree of this which largely determines variation in the primary dilution
Secondary Dilution
33
The normal index for a moderate fluid in the bottle is?
20-26
34
The normal index in the tank is?
2%
No set volume
70% tissue saturation
35
What do most moderate fluids contain?
Humectants and active dyes
36
The moisture content of a so-called normal adult body is said to be as high as
75% total body weight
37
The moisture content of an edematous body can be as high as
85% total body weight
38
The moisture content of a dehydrated body can be as high as
65% total body weight
39
These play an important part in determining the characteristics of the different embalming fluids and in controlling to a large extent the reactions between the cellular tissues and the chemical solution
Salts
40
If a salt is added to a liquid, this results
A solution
41
If a salt is added to a liquid, this results
A solution
42
When the salt has completely dissolved in the water and is thoroughly mixed by agitation, the result is?
A TRUE solution
43
The more solute added to the solvent, the more __________ the solution becomes
Conecntrated
44
The strength of the solution indicates how much ______ is present
Solute
45
The amount of solute in a solution has a direct effect on the ____________ of the solution
Density
46
Weight per unit volume
Density
47
Density is expressed in terms of?
Grams per cubic centimeter or pounds per cubic foot
48
It is often desirable to compare the weight of a given volume of a substance with an equal volume of water. This ratio is called
Specific Gravity
49
The density of salt concentration of a solution is frequently compared to that of what?
Blood
50
If a solution contains less of a dissolved substance than is found in blood, it is said to be
Hypotonic
51
If a solution contains more dissolved substance than is found in blood, it is said to be
Hypertonic
52
If a solution contains the same amount of solute as found in the blood, it is said to be
Isotonic
53
A solution will penetrate to the side containing the more _______ solution
Dense
54
Never more than _________ of pre-inection
One Gallon
55
If too much concentrated fluid is used, a ________ tonic solution results
Hypertonic
56
A hypertonic solution, being more concentrated, will have the effect of doing what?
Removing too much moisture
57
Removing too much moisture causes what?
Over-dehydration
58
How many bottles should be used per gallon of co-injection for anasarca
One bottle
59
How many bottles should be used per gallon of co-injection for anasarca
One bottle
60
Edematous fluids are what kind of fluids?
Hypertonic
61
An embalming solution less dense than the tissue liquids is said to be
Hypotonic
62
A hypotonic embalming solution will do what?
Flow rapidly through the capillary walls into the soft tissue areas
63
If the solution is hypertonic, it will do what?
Draw tissue liquid through the capillary wall into the circulatory system and away from the soft tissue areas
64
What do surfactants do in terms of surface tension?
Lowers surface tension of the embalming fluid
65
Surfactants reduce __________ (not surface tension)
Viscosity
66
Surfactants reduce viscosity, which leads to
Better penetration, and better preservation
67
Surfactants reduce viscosity, which leads to
Better penetration, and better preservation
68
Suractants reduce the capillary attraction, causing what?
The almost immediate clearing of blood from the capillaries
69
It is only what fluids that have any chance of being absorbed by the cells of the body
The fluids that osmose through the capillary walls into the intracellular spaces
70
Surfactants increase the ability of the fluid to filter through the semi-permeable capillary walls in an _____________________
Even and uniform manner
71
Surfactants increase the ability of the fluid to filter through the semi-permeable capillary walls in an even and uniform manner, making it is possible to incorporate these in the fluid to obtain a natural coloring and texture of the skin
Active Dyes
72
A process by which the solvent of a solution passes through a semi-permeable membrane from a less dense to a more dense solution
Osmosis (Hindered Diffusion)
73
When a crystalloid solution is separated by a semi-permeable membrane, which permits the penetration of crystalloids but excludes colloids, then a water is drawn by osmotic attraction into the colloidal mixture, the dissolved crystalloids will be drawn in as well
Dialysis (Selective diffusion)
74
In dialysis, when a crystalloid solution is separated by a semi-permeable membrane, the membrane permits,crystalloids, but excludes what?
Colloids
75
In dialysis, a water is drawn by osmotic attraction into the colloidal mixture, and these will be drawn in as well
Dissolved Crystalloids
76
The pH of the medium in which the chemical reaction takes place controls to a great extent the type of action that occurs between what?
Preservative chemicals and tissues
77
In an alkaline condition, tissues tend to do what?
Retain their natural color and better internal cosmetic effect is possible
78
Under prolonged periods, aldehydes tend to do what?
Lose their potency in the presence of alkaline conditions
79
Under prolonged periods, aldehydes tend to do what?
Lose their potency in the presence of alkaline conditions
80
Preservative solutions in an acid medium tend to do what?
Produce rapid coagulation of proteins
81
Preservative solutions in an acid medium tend to do what to the tissues
Turn the ashen-gray
82
Immediately following molecular cellular death, the pH of blood and body liquids drops from the normal 7.4 to a pH of what?
as low as 5.5
83
As rigor mortis passes, the pH becomes ________
Alkaline
84
The pH condition of the body at the time of embalming depends on what?
The post mortem interval, and the specific cause of death
85
Some sort of control should be used to maintain a more or less _____________ in all cases
Uniform Chemical Medium
86
The class of chemicals used as controls in embalming fluids are known as what?
Buffer agents
87
Buffer agents have the ability to absorb this so that the condition remains at the desired pH
Excess amounts of acid or alkali
88
The amount of fluid to be used in an aqueous solution
Solution Volume
89
This is perhaps the factor of primary importance in determining the arterial solution volume
Tissue Capacity
90
List the factors directly related to HCHO demand
Index of the primary dilution in the tank
Drainage loss
HCHO residual
Volume
91
Too little concentration causes
Water-logging
92
Too much concentration causes
Dehydration/Desiccation
93
The index of the arterial fluid solution in primary dilution
Strength of injection
94
The index of the arterial fluid solution in primary dilution
Strength of injection
95
The only safe procedure for any embalmeris to completely saturate the tissue of every remains with a solution of sufficient strength to destroy
MOST Microorganisms
96
Most experts feel that minimal disinfection standards should be set at
70% tissue saturation by HCHO gas with primary dilution at 2% index in primary dilution
97
What are the historical standards for arterial fluid solution?
1 gallon of 1% AFS per 50 lbs
98
In extreme cases, what is the index in primary dilution sufficient to deal with most embalming problems?
5%
99
The temperature of ordinary tap water procedures highly desirable results in the vast majority of cases, and the temperature is?
60 degrees F
100
This seems to be best for encouraging good drainage
Cold Water
101
This seems to be best for encouraging good drainage
Cold Water
102
Never, ever inject a frozen body with hot water. Why?
Because liquid blood drainage will coagulate causing the body to swell severely
103
Describe hot water embalming
Heat acts as a catalyst to liberate HCHO gas rapidly
104
What is the end result of Hot water embalming?
Rapid firmness of tissue but only in confined areas near the point of injection
105
When should hot water embalming be utilized?
In cases of advanced decomposition
Where drainage is minimal or non-existent and the embalmer anticipates at least a six point injection
When the embalmer anticipates hypodermically injecting areas
106
Hot water will release fumes in the air and increase what?
HCHO exposure to the embalmer
107
Hot water embalming will do what to the blood?
Coagulate
108
Hot water embalming only work for ___________
Short Distances
109
Hot water embalming only work for ___________
Short Distances
110
That pressure which will overcome vascular resistance and cause a moderate uniform movement of the arterial fluid solution from the injector (machine) into the vascular system and ultimately into tissue cells
Ideal pressure
111
Maximum pressure is where?
At the point of injection
112
Point of injection means where
Arterial tube enters artery
113
A cloudiness resulting from the presence of suspended particles in water
Turbidity
114
Turbidity is objectionable in water used to dilute embalming fluids. Why?
Because the size of the particles may be such that in aggregation, they can block capillaries and restrict fluid distribution and tissue preservation
115
Turbidity is objectionable in water used to dilute embalming fluids. Why?
Because the size of the particles may be such that in aggregation, they can block capillaries and restrict fluid distribution and tissue preservation
116
It has been found that a solution that is slightly _______ to the blood
Hypotonic
117
The best embalming results in water with a pH of
7.4
118
The best embalming results in water with a pH of
7.4
119
The study of the toxic or harmful effects of chemicals in the body
Toxicology
120
This deals with the symptoms and treatment of poisoning as well as the identification of the poison
Toxicology
121
Any chemical absorbed into bodily tissues having harmful or fatal potential
Toxin - chemical
122
A poisonous substance produced by certain microorganisms
Toxin - biological
123
Extracellular toxin produced and released by bacterial cells as a normal physiological process
Exotoxin
124
Intracellular toxin produced and retained by bacterial cells and released only by destruction or death of the cells
Endotoxin
125
Any substance that is injurious to health or causes death, either taken internally or applied externally
Poison
126
An agent that counteracts the effects of an ingested poison, either by inactivating it or by opposing its action following absorption
Antidote
127
What are some examples of hazardous chemicals frequently used in the embalming
```
Methanol
Formaldehyde
Salts of heavy metals
Ethyl ether
Phenol
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Acetone
Benzene
```
128
What are some examples of benzene?
Dimethylbenzene
Paradichlorobenzene
Orthodochlorobenzene
129
Poisonings are caused by these heavy metals
```
Antimony
Arsenic
Bismuth
Cadmium
Copper
Gold
Lead
Mercury
Silver
Thallium
```
130
Poisonings are caused by these heavy metals
```
Antimony
Arsenic
Bismuth
Cadmium
Copper
Gold
Lead
Mercury``
Silver
Thallium
```
131
L.D. 50
Lethal Dose
132
An abbreviation for the median dose of a toxin that will kill within a stated period of time 50% of the animals innoculated
L.D. 50
133
M.L.D.
Minimum Lethal Dose
134
The minimum amount of toxin which when injected into a test animal will kill it in a specific amount of time
M.L.D.
135
What are the factors influencing the action of poisons
```
Weight
Age
State of Health
Physical state of the poison
Tolerance
Metabolic rate
Method of administration
Habituation
```
136
The process of forming a habit
Habituation
137
The method by which the nervous system gradually reduces response to a repeated stimulus
Habituation
138
What will show signs of poisonings in most cases?
The kidney and liver
139
These are the most important cleaning agents to the embalmer
Soaps
140
The major action of soap is to aid in
the mechanical destruction and removal of microbes
141
The major action of soap is to aid in
the mechanical destruction and removal of microbes
142
Soaps are usually made from what?
Fats and lye
143
Soaps depend on what for their cleaning action
Their content of alkali
144
Soaps combine with calcium and magnesium salt in hard water to form what?
An insoluble scum
145
If soap is to be followed by some germicide, it should be thoroughly washed off with ____ before the germicide is applied
70% alcohol
146
Soap and some germicides combine to form what?
Inert Compounds
147
A term to distinguish synthetic compounds from soaps
Detergents
148
Detergents are made from
Fats and oils
149
As a detergent is ionized in water, its electrically charged ions attach themselves to dirt and carry the dirt and microbes away with
the rinse of water
150
Detergents dissolve readily in
cold water
151
Detergents dissolve completely in
Even the hardest water
152
Soaps and detergents are usually germicidal for these
```
Pneumococci
Streptococci
Gonococci
Meningicoccal
Some influenza viruses
```
153
This virus is unaffected by soaps and detergents
Hepatitis
154
This is superior to ethyl alcohol
Isopropyl Alcohol
155
This is superior to ethyl alcohol
Isopropyl Alcohol
156
Isopropyl alcohol is effective against
Vegetative Bacilli (not spores)
157
Isopropyl alcohol is effective in dilutions of
70% and stronger
158
Isopropyl alcohol is not effective against this virus
Hepatitis
159
Isopropyl alcohol enhances the activity of other chemical agents such as
QUATs and Chlorhexidine
160
A gas which has excellent disinfective qualities against all bacteria, bacterial spores, and viruses
Formaldehyde
161
When dissolved in water, formaldehyde is called
Formalin
162
A bacterial aldehyde that is acidic in water
Gluteraldehyde
163
A bacterial aldehyde that is acidic in water
Gluteraldehyde
164
The action of gluteraldehyde is sped up if the solution is
Alkalinized
165
Gluteraldehyde is effective against this virus
Hepatitis
166
Exposure to Gluteraldehyde should be _________ for sterilization
10-12 hours
167
Exposure to Gluteraldehyde should be _________ for disinfection
30 minutes
168
What are the 5 examples of Gluteraldehyde
```
Cidex
Di San
Sporicidin
Sonacide
3M brand Disinfecting and Sterlizing Solution
```
169
An alkaline solution of gluteraladehyde in 70% alcohol
Cidex
170
Cidex is an excellent
Bactericide
Viricide
Sporocide
171
Cidex is an excellent cold soak for
Instruments
172
Gluteraldehyde has been classified as
Carcinogen
173
What are the examples of Phenols?
```
Amphyl
Staphene
O-Syl
Hexahlorophene
Chlorhexidine
```
174
What are the examples of Phenols?
```
Amphyl
Staphene
O-Syl
Hexahlorophene
Chlorhexidine
```
175
What is an example of hexachlorophene?
Phisophex
176
What are the examples of chlorhexidine
Hibistat
| Hiblicens
177
An antiseptic hand and body cleansing containing chlorhexidine gluconate used in surgery
Hibistat
178
An antiseptic hand cleaner containing chlorhexidine gluconate
Hiblicens
179
These represent a large group of compounds which act against many vegetative bacteria by attacking the cytoplasmic membrane
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
180
Quats are widely used for the disinfection of
Inanimate Objects
181
Quats are not effective against
Hydrophillic viruses
182
Quats are effective against
Lipophilic viruses
183
Examples of QUats are
Diaparine Chlroide
Zephiran Chloride
Ceepryn Chloride
Phemerol
184
Compounds in which iodine is carried by a surface-active solvent
Iodophors
185
Compounds in which iodine is carried by a surface-active solvent
Iodophors
186
The free iodine liberated from Iodophors is the
Bactericidal Agent
187
The surface active solvent in an iodophor enhances the action of the iodine, rendering it
Odorless and prevents staining
188
Iodophors are effective against __________ at concentrations over 5000 parts per million
Hepatitis B
189
Examples of Iodophors are
Betadine
Wescodyne
Hisine
Iosan
190
This is one of the most effective and widely used of all chemical disinfectants
Chlorine
191
A powerful oxidizing agent
Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach)
192
In a 1-10 dilution or at least 5000 parts per million, sodium hypochlorite is better than what?
Gluteraldehyde
193
Bleach should never come into contact with formaldehyde. Why?
It will generate Bischloromethyl ether (BCME) a carcinogen gas
194
Sodium Hypochlorite is lethal to
Hepatitis B
195
Ammonia + HCHO =
Neutralization
196
Ammonia + Bleach =
Chlorine Gas
197
These are natural disinfectants
Halogens VIII
198
Examples of Halogens
```
Fluorine
Bromine
Chlorine
Iodine
Astatine
```
199
In selecting a disinfectant for instruments and other preparation room paraphernalia, keep in mind the characteristics of a good disinfectant
Wide Range of Activity
Sufficient Strength
Acts in the presence of water
Be stable and have a reasonable long shelf life
Non-corrosive to metal instruments
Fast Acting
Not Highly toxic to living tissues or injurious to the respiratory system
200
In selecting a disinfectant for instruments and other preparation room paraphernalia, keep in mind the characteristics of a good disinfectant
Wide Range of Activity
Sufficient Strength
Acts in the presence of water
Be stable and have a reasonable long shelf life
Non-corrosive to metal instruments
Fast Acting
Not Highly toxic to living tissues or injurious to the respiratory system
201
Comprises the disinfection practices carried out after the embalming process to protect the environment and includes personal hygiene for the embalmer as well as disinfection of the instruments, equipment, and preparation room
Terminal disinfection
202
The purpose of these is the prevention of clotting within the blood vessels of a living person
Anticoagulants
203
Anticoagulants are often used following a
Non-fatal coronary occlusion with myocardial infarction
204
A fixed clot or obstruction is called a
Thrombosis
205
A free floating clot or detached thrombus is called
Emboli
206
Thrombo-embolic lesions occur most often in
```
Lungs (23%)
Kidneys (14%)
Spleen (9%)
Brain (8%)
Extremities (2%)
```
207
The embalming significance of the obstruction is the
blockages they cause in the vascular system
208
What are examples of Medicinal Anticoagulants?
Herapin
Dicumerol
Coumadin
209
How is herapin administered?
Intravenously
210
How is dicumerol administered?
Orally
211
How is Coumadin administered?
Orally
212
A dangerous drug leading to uncontrolled hemorrhage
Dicumerol
213
Used to treat rheumatic heart disease, auricular fibrillation, and those patients having suffered repeated coronary attacks
Dicumerol
214
An anticoagulant that depresses synthesis in the liver of several factors which are known to be active in the coagulation mechanisms in a variety of diseases
Coumadin
215
Anticoagulants are not a problem to the embalmer unless the body has been
Refrigerated for a long postmortem interval
216
Anticoagulants are not a problem to the embalmer unless the body has been
Refrigerated for a long postmortem interval
217
This is used primarily in those persons who display a pronounced tendency to hemorrhage
Vitamin K
218
The purpose of Vitamin K is to
restore a normal clotting time
219
This vitamin is synthesized by the action of colon bacili in the intestinal tract
Vitamin K
220
Vitamin K1 is derived from
Green plants such as alfalfa
221
Vitamin K2 is derived from
Decomposed Fishmeal
222
Agonal clots are _________________ by the arterial fluid solution
Unaffected
223
To remove agonal clots, what should you do?
Restricted Cervical Method
224
There are 7 areas of failure in embalming. What are they?
Too little time devoted to the preparation of the remains
The use of too little solution
The use of a too strong arterial fluid solution
Basing your evaluation of preservation entirely on tissue rigidity
Excessive injection speed and pressure
Excessive drainage: those that utilize the continuous method on every case they embalm
Failure to thoroughly preserve the viscera
225
Speed in embalming is more frequently an indication of ______________ than of skill and experience
Carelessness and lack of interest
226
An embalming solution may be prepared rapidly in two ways. How?
By injecting an inadequate volume of solution
| By injecting the solution so rapidly that the distribution lacks uniformity
227
The most common of all embalming errorsis what?
Basing your evaluation of preservation entirely on tissue rigidity
228
The most common of all embalming errorsis what?
Basing your evaluation of preservation entirely on tissue rigidity
229
The result of excessive injection speed and pressure is?
Shell embalming
230
Any pressure which does not permit this must be regarded as excessive
An occasional closing of the drain tube
231
What does the intermittent method accomplish?
Will equalize vascular resistance
Close off short circuits by forcing fluid into resistance areas
Increase the uniformity
Minimize arterial fluid solution loss
232
Who successfully preserved remains by injecting his balsomic spirits into the cavities of the body without arterial injection
Gabriel Clauderus
233
What will be accomplished by a complete removal of all free blood and liquid content of the hollow organs?
Reduce preservation demand
Eliminate excessive dilution of the cavity fluid
Increase potential preservation of the viscera
