Exam 5: Reproductive & Development Flashcards
1
Q
What originates in the yolk sac, then migrates to the embryo?
A
Primordial germ cells
2
Q
When do the primordial germ cells migrate to the embryo?
A
At 5 weeks
3
Q
What do the primordial germ cells give rise to?
A
Gonadal ridge
Hemopoietic/hematopoietic stem cells
4
Q
Where does the gonadal ridge take form?
A
On the dorsum of the abdominopelvic cavity
5
Q
What gives rise to the gonads?
A
Gonadal ridge
6
Q
What are the male and female gonads?
A
Testes for male
Ovaries for female
7
Q
Are primordial germ cells and primordial germ layers the same?
A
NO
8
Q
What do hemopoietic/hematopoietic stem cells do?
A
Give rise to blood cells
9
Q
How many chromosomes are in MOST of our cells?
A
46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs
10
Q
What are pairs 1-22 of chromosomes called?
A
Autosomes
11
Q
What are the two chromosomes of the 23rd pair called?
A
Sex chromosomes
12
Q
What sex chromosomes do females have? Where do they get them from?
A
XX
One maternal X, one paternal X
13
Q
What sex chromosomes do males have? Where do they get them from?
A
XY
One maternal X, one paternal Y
14
Q
What chromosome can mom’s oocytes carry?
A
Only X
15
Q
What chromosomes can dad’s sperm carry?
A
Either an X or Y
16
Q
Does mom or dad’s chromosomal contribution determine baby’s sex?
A
Dads (as sperm carries either X or Y, and whichever it is will determine the sex)
17
Q
Are there more genes on the X or Y chromosomes?
A
More on the X, very few on Y
18
Q
What are characteristics determined by genes on the sex chromosomes, such as that for colorblindness?
A
Sex-linked traits
19
Q
When primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridge, what two structures are there? (In ALL embryos)
A
Mesonephric (Wolffian) Duct
Paramesonephric (Mullerian) Duct
20
Q
Is the Mesonephric (Wolffian) Duct developed in male or female fetuses?
A
Male
21
Q
Is the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) Duct developed in male or female fetuses?
A
Female
22
Q
Are both Mesonephric (Wolffian) and Paramesonephric (Mullerian) Ducts present in all early fetuses?
A
Yes
23
Q
What gene does the Y chromosome have?
A
Sex-Determining Region of Y (SRY gene)
24
Q
What does the SRY gene code for?
A
The protein known as Testis-Determining Factor (TDF)
25
What does Testis-Determining Factor (TDF) do?
Regulates the development of the testes
26
What do the testes produce?
Testosterone
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
27
What is testosterone responsible for?
Male hormone for primary and secondary sex characteristics
28
What's the difference between primary and secondary male characteristics?
Primary: male genitalia (penis)
Secondary: hair and fat distribution, sebaceous secretions, thicker hair, larynx hypertrophy, > metabolism, >RBCs, > protein synthesis (mass)
29
What does Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) do?
It causes the regression of female-forming Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts. This allows for the development of the male-forming Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts
30
Which sex of fetus have to suppress the development of the opposite sex in order to develop their characteristics?
Males have to suppress the development of female reproduction
31
What happens if AMH doesn't work properly?
Male fetuses would have testes that wouldn't descend. The individual would appear female.
32
What happens to the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts in males?
They regress, but remain as the Appendix of Epididymis and Appendix of Testis
33
What cells come from the Greek word for "body"?
Somatic cells
34
What type of cells are seen in the body in all places other than the gametes?
Somatic cells
35
What division do somatic cells do?
Mitosis
36
What are specialized cells that give rise to the gametes?
Germ cells
37
What nuclear division do germ cells use?
Meiosis
38
In mitosis, how many cells does one cell make?
One cell divides to make two cells
39
Are the starting and ending cells in mitosis haploid or diploid?
Both are diploid (genetic copies)
40
What is the cell produced by nuclear division called?
Daughter cells
41
What nuclear division is seen in gametogenesis?
Meiosis
42
What is the production of the gametes called?
Gametogenesis
43
How many cells do you end up with in meiosis?
One cell makes 4 daughters
44
Are the starting and ending cells in meiosis haploid or diploid?
One diploid cell (46 chromosomes) makes 4 haploid cells (23 chromosomes each)
45
What is the production of sperm or gametogenesis in the male called?
Spermatogenesis
46
What is the production of oocytes (eggs) or gametogenesis in the female called?
Oogenesis
47
What are the 3 main phases in somatic cell division?
Interphase
Nuclear division (mitosis/meiosis)
Cytokinesis
48
What phase is preparation for cell division?
Interphase
49
What subphase of interphase has biosynthesis of proteins and organelle duplication?
G1
50
What subphase of interphase has DNA replication?
S
51
What subphase of interphase has cell growth and enzyme production?
G2
52
What subphase of interphase has cells no longer dividing?
G0
53
What is the division of the nucleus called?
Mitosis
54
In what phase do chromosomes condense and become visible as individual chromosomes?
Prophase
55
In what phase does the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear?
Prophase
56
In what phase do the spindle fibers and asters appear?
Prophase
57
What are specialized microtubules that connect chromatids to their respective poles?
Spindles
58
What are specialized microtubules that anchor the centrosomes or centrioles in place?
Asters
59
In what phase do centromeres of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate?
Metaphase II
60
In what phase do centromeres divide and migration happens to the poles?
Anaphase
61
What migrates in anaphase?
Sister chromatids
62
How is the migration in anaphase powered?
The motor proteins of the kinetochores
63
What phase is essentially the opposite of prophase?
Telophase
64
What is the division of cytoplasm called?
Cytokinesis
65
How many base pairs are there in 46 chromosomes?
About 3 billion base pairs
66
When does spermatogenesis begin/end?
Begins in puberty, lasts throughout life
67
When does oogenesis begin/end?
Begins in the fetus, stops at first meiotic arrest.
Resumes at puberty, stops at second meiotic arrest
68
What ends the first meiotic arrest?
Puberty
69
What ends the second meiotic arrest?
Fertilization
70
Which gametogenesis is this:
a single diploid cells gives rise to 4 functional haploid cells
Spermatogenesis
71
Which gametogenesis is this:
a single diploid cell gives rise to 1 functional haploid cell and 3 chromosomal dumps (polar bodies and ootids)
Oogenesis
72
What phase does first meiotic arrest happen?
Prophase I
73
What phase does second meiotic arrest happen?
Metaphase II
74
When does meiosis stop permanently for females?
Once all the follicles and their oocytes are lost, after menopause
75
What is another name for first meiotic division?
Reduction division
76
What happens to the number of chromosomes and cells in first meiotic division/reduction division?
The number of chromosomes is cut from 1 cell with 46 to 2 cells with 23
77
Are the chromosomes in the 2 cells with 23 chromosomes in first meiotic division/reduction division still replicated?
YES
78
What is it called when homologous pairs pair up? (#1 from mom pairs with #1 from dad)
Synapsis
79
What is it called when some paternal genes swap over to the maternal chromosomes and vice versa to mix up the traits?
Crossing over
80
Why is crossing over important?
Increases genetic variability
81
What happens to the number of chromosomes and cells in second meiotic division?
The number of chromosomes is maintained from 2 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes to 2 more haploid cells with 23 chromosomes (a total of 4)
82
In what phase do homologous pairs line up on the metaphase plate?
Metaphase I
83
What are two chromatids still attached at the centromere called?
Dyad
84
What is a tetrad?
A homologous pair that is lined up together (a total of 4 chromatids and 2 centromeres)
85
What is the "pinch" in the cell membrane demonstrating the cytoplasm's division?
Cleavage furrow
86
When are chromatids counted as separate chromosomes?
After they divide in anaphase II
87
What is intermeiotic interphase?
Interphase II, also known as interkinesis
Between meiosis I and meiosis II
88
How long does spermatogenesis take in days?
70-75 days
89
What is the miotic development of diploid spermatogonia called?
Spermatocytogenesis
90
What is the release of sperm into the seminiferous tubules called?
Spermiation
91
What part of the spermatozoan is filled with hydrolytic/proteolytic enzymes?
Acrosome
92
What do the hydrolytic/proteolytic enzymes do?
Digest the sperms way into the oocyte
93
Where is the DNA contained in the spermatozoan?
Nucleus
94
What does the head of the spermatozoan consist of?
Nucleus + acrosome
95
What is another name for the midpiece in the spermatozoan?
Mitochondria
96
What does the mitochondria/midpiece do?
Make ATP
97
What is another name for the sperm's tail?
Flagellum
98
What produces spermatozoa?
Testes
99
What are the tubules within testes where sperm develops?
Seminiferous tubules
100
What cells surround and maintain the developing sperm?
Sertoli cells (sustentacular or nurse cells)
101
What do the sertoli cells make up?
The blood-testes barrier
102
What happens if the blood-testes barrier is compromised?
The immune system will attack the sperm as "non-self" resulting in sterility
103
What cells are in the connective tissue just outside the seminiferous tubules?
Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
104
What do Leydig cells produce?
Testosterone and other androgens
105
What is a term for male hormones?
Androgens
106
What do accessory sex glands make?
Semen
107
What accessory sex gland produces 60% of the semen?
Seminal vesicles
108
What accessory sex gland makes the other 40% of semen?
Prostate gland
109
What accessory sex gland produces a lubricating fluid to protect and support sperm?
Bulbourethral gland
110
What is semen made out of?
Fructose, bicarb ions, enzymes
111
What % of total ejaculate is actually sperm cells (as opposed to semen)?
2-5%
112
What hormone causes the release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
113
What are examples of gonadotropins that are released from the anterior pituitary?
FSH and LH
114
What does the LH do in males?
Causes Leydig cells to make testosterone
115
What does FSH do in males?
Up-regulates testosterone receptors (make the sperm sensitive to testosterone)
116
Which hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?
FSH
117
What hormone triggers spermatogenesis directly?
Testosterone
118
What is another term for sex drive?
Libido
119
What is the single erectile structure surrounding the urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
120
What are the two structures of erectile tissue?
Corpus cavernosum (singular: corpora cavernosa)
121
What drains the erectile tissues?
Dorsal vein of the penis
122
What is the head of the penis?
Glans
123
What is the foreskin called?
Prepuce
124
Once spermatozoa are released from seminiferous tubules, where are they stored?
The epididymis
125
When does sperm become mobile?
In the epididymis
126
What transports sperm to the prostatic urethra?
Vas deferens/ductus deferens
127
What is the swollen portion of the vas deferens just prior to the prostatic urethra?
Ampulla
128
What is the "heat exchanger" that allows cooler venous blood from the scrotum cool hot arterial blood prior to entering the testes?
Pampiniform plexus
129
How much cooler does sperm need to be than body temperature?
4 degrees cooler
130
What muscle is in the spermatic cord allowing testes to drop/rise to regulate temperature?
Cremaster
131
What muscle in the walls of the scrotum contract when cold to hold heat and relax when hot to release heat?
Dartos muscle
132
What allows the testes to remain cooler than the body temperature?
Scrotum
133
What happens to sperm at body temperature?
They are unable to mature
134
What gene do females NOT have, thanks to XX (missing the Y)?
SRY gene
135
What hormone is NOT present in females, thus allowing the Mullerian ducts to develop?
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
136
What structures do the paramesonephric/mullerian ducts form?
Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper 1/3 of vagina
137
What is the shell that surrounds the oocyte?
Zona pellucida
138
What does the ovarian follicle contain?
The oocyte
139
What is the fluid-filled space in the follicle called?
Antrum
140
What cells are the inner wall of ovarian follicles made of?
Granluosa cells
141
What do granulosa cells contain?
The enzyme aromatase
142
What does aromatase do?
Convert testosterone into estrogen
143
What in females makes testosterone?
Thecal cells
144
What cells are the outer wall of the ovarian follicle made of?
Thecal cells
145
What is the degeneration of oocyte called?
Atresia
146
When does atresia happen?
Throughout reproductive life
147
How many oocytes are there at:
20 weeks of fetal development
6-7 million
148
How many oocytes are there at:
Birth
1.5 million
149
How many oocytes are there at:
Puberty
400,000
150
How many oocytes are there at:
After menopause
0
151
What cells are gone after menopause?
Granluolsa cells
152
What is the serous layer of the uterus?
Perimetrium
153
What layer of the uterus has interlacing smooth muscle?
Myometrium
154
What is the mucosal lining of the uterus?
Endometrium
155
Which layer of the endometrium is lost during menses?
Functional layer
156
Which layer of the endometrium remains during menses?
Basal layer
157
Which is deeper, functional or basal layer?
Basal
158
What tissue are the functional layer of the endometrium made of?
Simple columnar epi
159
What follicles develop in the fetus?
Premordial
160
What follicle is an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of simple squamous epi?
Premordial follicle
161
What follicles begin development at puberty in small numbers?
Primary follicles
162
What follicles are surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells?
Primary follicles
163
What follicles have multiple layers of cuboidal cells and the beginning formation of spaces?
Secondary follicles
164
What follicles have a fully formed antrum?
Tertiary/mature/Graafian follicles
165
What is the release of the oocyte from the tertiary follicles called?
Ovulation
166
Which follicle does ovulation occur from?
Tertiary follicle
167
What is it called when the antrum is filled with blood (just after ovulation)?
Corpus hemorrhagicum
168
What is it called when progesterone is produced to maintain the uterus for pregnancy?
Corpus luteum
169
If fertilized, how long will the corpus luteum last producing hormones?
8 weeks
170
What takes over after 8 weeks producing hormones to maintain the uterus for pregnancy?
The placenta
171
What is the scar tissue made from the corpus luteum called?
Corpus albicans
172
After puberty, how many oocytes will resume meiosis each month?
5-9
173
How many oocytes will survive to be ovulated?
Usually only 1
174
At metaphase II and the second meiotic arrest...What happens if there's no fertilization?
The oocyte will enter the uterus and be lost during menses
175
At metaphase II and the second meiotic arrest...What happens if there IS fertilization?
Meiosis will resume
176
Where does fertilization occur?
In the swollen upper 1/3 of the fallopian tubes (ampulla)
177
How many days does it take the embryo to reach the uterus?
3 days
178
At what phase, in females, is there a brief period with 69 chromosomes (before the second polar body is dumped)?
Anaphase II
179
Once telophase II and cytokinesis II occur, what will the division switch to?
Mitosis
180
Is the normal relationship between steroids and gonadotropins (for most of the cycle) positive or negative feedback?
Negative feedback
181
When is the relationship between steroids and gonadotropins positive feedback?
After 30-50 hours of elevated estrogen during the follicular phase
182
What does the positive feedback in the follicular phase cause?
LH surge causing ovulation
183
What hormone causes ovulation on day 14?
LH
184
What causes the LH (or gonadotropin) surge?
The elevated estrogen levels
185
How many hours/month is the oocyte able to be fertilized?
~15 hours/month
186
If fertilized, what does the corpus luteum become?
Pregnancy
187
If not fertilized, what does the corpus luteum become?
Corpus albicans
188
What produces Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) for the first 8 weeks?
Trophoblasts
189
What does HCG do for the ovary in the first 8 weeks of pregnancy?
Keeps it producing estrogen and progesterone (via corpus luteum)
190
What does the morning after pill (emergency contraceptive) contain?
High levels of progesterone or estrogen
191
How does high levels of progesterone prevent pregnancy?
Prevents sperm from reaching the egg and keeps the embryo from implanting
192
How does high levels of estrogen prevent pregnancy?
Prevents ovulation
193
What is the "abortion pill" called?
RU486
194
What does RU486 do?
Inhibits progesterone by blocking its receptors, thus causing menses
195
What hormone causes granulosa cells to use aromatase to convert T to E?
FSH
196
What's another name for estrogen?
Estradiol
197
What up-regulates progesterone receptors in the uterus, making it more sensitive?
Estrogen
198
What does a drop in progesterone cause in the uterine arteries?
Vasoconstriction, and menses
199
What does progesterone down-regulate?
Oxytocin receptors and gap junctions, making the uterus less sensitive to oxy
200
What does down-regulating oxytocin mean for the uterus?
Less risk of pre-term contractions
201
What days are the follicular phase in the ovary?
Day 0-13
202
What days are the luteal phase in the ovary?
Day 15-28
203
What days are menses in the uterus?
Day 0-5
204
What days are the proliferative phase in the uterus?
Day 6-14
205
What days are the secretory phase in the uterus?
Days 15-28
206
What phase does LH cause thecal cells produce T, FSH causes resumption of meiosis in the ovary?
Follicular phase
207
What phase does the corpus hemorrhagicum become the corpus luteum and then albicans in the ovary?
Luteal phase
208
In what phase does the functional endometrium get lost in the uterus?
Menses
209
In what phase is there an increase of progesterone receptors and a thinning of the uterine mucus in the uterus?
Proliferative phase
210
In what phase is there an increase of endometrium glucose, making uterine milk in the uterus?
Secretory phase
211
What is glucose made from in uterine milk?
Glycogen
212
What phases are before ovulation in the ovary and uterus?
Follicular
Menses, Proliferative
213
What phases are after ovulation in the ovary and uterus?
Luteal
Secretory
214
What is the body temperature maintained at during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy?
0.5 degrees F hotter
215
What term means tending to produce heat?
Thermogenic
216
What makes the body hotter during the luteal phase and pregnancy?
Progesterone
217
When does the placenta produce HCG from?
Week 8 to the 4th month
218
When does the placenta produce estrogen and progesterone?
From 4 months on
219
What is the development of the placenta called?
Placentation
220
What is the fetal contribution to the placenta?
Chorion
221
What is the maternal contribution to the placenta called?
Decidua
222
What guides fetal vessels into the uterus?
Chorionic villi
223
What part of the placenta participates in nutrient/waste exchange?
Decidua
224
What part of the placenta protects the fetus from maternal immune attack?
Decidua
225
What is the failure of testes to descend called?
Cryptorchidism
226
What causes cryptorchidism?
Failure of the testes to mature
227
Does cryptorchidism cause infertility and reduced sexual maturity?
Yes
228
What % of term babies have cryptorchidism?
3%
229
What % of premature babies have cryptorchidism?
20%
230
Is testicular cancer treatment successful?
Relatively successful, if diagnosed early enough
231
What plasma protein when elevated indicates prostate cancer?
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
232
What is prostate enlargement called?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
233
What are symptoms of BPH?
Increased urgency, frequency, and delay
Decreased force and urinary retention
234
What are treatments for BPH?
Surgery, indwelling catheter, alpha-adrenergic blockers, hormones
235
What % of cancer deaths does prostatic cancer cause?
13%
236
What % of cancers in men is prostatic cancer?
28%
237
What is the only cancer that causes more deaths than prostate (according to him)?
Lung
238
What is persistent, painful erection without sexual stimulation?
Priapism
239
What causes priaprism?
Neurological factors
Spinal or pelvic trauma
Reduced venous outflow
Sickle cell anemia
Tumors
240
What is an absence of menstruation called?
Amenorrhea
241
What causes amenorrhea?
Hormones, genetics, excessive exercise, weight loss, malnutrition, diseases
242
What is painful menstruation with successful ovulation?
Dysmenorrhea
243
What % of women between 15-25 experience some form of dysmenorrhea?
50%
244
What causes dysmenhorrhea?
Prostaglandins
245
What do prostaglandins cause?
Uterine contractions and meningeal vasodilation (headaches)
246
What is excessive amounts of androgens with conversion to estradiol called?
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (POS)
247
In what phase does premenstrual syndrome (PMS) occur?
Luteal
248
What % of women have severe PMS symptoms?
5-10%
249
What % of women have moderately distressing symptoms of PMS?
50%
250
What is a severe and disabling form of PMS?
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
251
What % of women suffer from PMDD?
3-8%
252
What are symptoms of PMDD?
Severe depression, anxiety, fatigue, edema
253
What exacerbates PMDD symptoms?
Alcohol, thyroid disorders, familial history, overweight, lack of exercise
254
What is acute inflammation of upper genital tract?
Pelvic inflammatory disease
255
What causes pelvic inflammatory disease?
Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, pelvic adhesions, abcesses
256
What can pelvic inflammatory disease cause?
Septic shock
257
What can uterine prolapse be treated with?
Pessary, or surgery
258
What's another name for fibroids?
Leiomyomas
259
What are the most common benign tumors of the uterus's smooth muscle?
Leiomyomas
260
What does fibroids cause?
Abnormal bleeding due to increase of uterine cavity surface area
261
What % of women over 50 get fibroids?
70-80%
262
What is it called when there is a functioning endometrium outside of the uterus?
Endometriosis
263
Where do the living endometrial cells regurgitate through in endometriosis?
The fallopian tube back into the abdominopelvic cavity
264
What happens during menses to the endometrial cells in the abdomen due endometriosis?
They are shed, but remain in the cavity and cause acute inflammation
265
What are symptoms of endometriosis?
Pelvic pain, infertility, pelvic masses, pain with intercourse and defecation
266
What % of women with pelvic pain, infertility, and masses have endometriosis?
50%
267
What % of women have infertility with endometriosis?
40%
268
What is treatment for endometriosis?
Hormonal suppression of ovulation, surgical removal, presacral neurectomy
269
What is presacral neurectomy?
Permanent removal of certain nerves
270
What is the 3rd most common cancer in women?
Cervical carcinoma
271
What % of female cancers is cervical carcinoma?
20%
272
What percent of cervical carcinoma is caused by HPV, thus causing it to be considered an STD?
99%
273
What is the "precancer" stage of cervical carcinoma?
Dysplasia
274
What cells are in cervical dysplasia?
Replacement of some epithelial cells with atypical neoplastic cells
275
What chance of malignancy is dysplasia?
Mild, 15%
276
Dysplasia treatment?
Cyrosurgery, laser, conization
277
What is the cure rate for dysplasia?
100%
278
What is it called when all/most of the cervical epithelium has features of cervical carcinoma?
Cervical carcinoma in situ
279
Are the underlying tissues affected in cervical carcinoma in situ?
NO
280
Where is cervical carcinoma in situ especially at?
The squamo-columnar junction (transformation zone)
281
What stage of cervical carcinoma has columnar epithelium constantly replaced by stratified squamous epithelium?
Metaplasia
282
What phase of cervical carcinoma has invasion of adjacent tissues (metastasis)?
Invasive carcinoma
283
What are symptoms of invasive carcinoma?
Vaginal bleeding and discharge
284
What is the prognosis for invasive carcinoma with early detection vs regular detection?
Early: 88+% 5 year survival rate
Regular: 66% 5 year survival rate
285
What % of female neoplasms is ovarian cancer?
3%
286
What cancer has the most deaths of females?
Ovarian cancer
287
What reduces the risk of ovarian cancer?
Oral contraceptives
288
What breast disease is benign, but has pain or tenderness (especially near menses)?
Fibrocystic breast disease
289
What is the treatment for fibrocystic breast disease?
Cyst drainage, reduce caffeine, fats, and carbs
290
What is the most common cancer in women?
Breast cancer
291
What is the most common cancer for all sexes?
Lung
292
What proportion of women get breast cancer?
1/8
293
What age of having their first baby increases risk of breast cancer?
Over the age of 30
294
Who has greater risk of breast cancer?
Women with 0 children
295
Does early menarche and early menopause increase or decrease breast cancer risk?
Increase
296
What causes syphillis?
Treponema pallidum
297
How long has syphilis been an epidemic?
Since 1986
298
How far in ancient history does syphilis date back to?
10,000 BCE
299
What is the first stage of syphilis?
Chancre
300
In what stage of syphilis is there local inflammation that soon disappears? (After 4-6 weeks all external signs are gone)
Chancre
301
What phase of syphilis is chronic symptoms over 5 years with pustular skin rashes, painful mucus patches on tongue/cheeks/gums?
Secondary stage
302
What stage of syphilis is where symptoms may or may not reappear?
Latent stage
303
What stage of syphilis has permanent systemic damage to heart, kidneys, brain (dementia)?
Tertiary stage
304
What does syphilis do to the heart?
Metastatic calcium deposition on heart valves, and coronary artery damage
305
What % of patients in mental hospitals priors to antibiotics were due to syphilitic dementia?
20%
306
What is it called when syphilis crosses the placenta and infects the fetus?
Congenital syphilis
307
What does congenital syphilis cause?
Damaged teeth and palate (notched incisors)
Saber shins
Saddle-nose with discharge
308
What STD is "flow of seed", or pus resembling semen discovered in 130 AD Greece?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
309
How long can you be a carrier for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Up to 15 years
310
How long can Neisseria gonorrhoeae be viable on fomites (laundry, surfaces)?
Several hours
311
How long can Neisseria gonorrhoeae be viable in dried pus?
Several weeks
312
What is the only natural host for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Humans
313
What type of STD is a corneal infection?
Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma)
314
How many cases of Chlamydia trachomatis are there yearly?
3-5 million
315
What % of Chlamydia trachomatis cases are from pregnant women?
11%
316
What % of Chlamydia trachomatis cases are from pediatric pneumonia?
30%
317
What % male and what % female have asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis?
10% male
80% female
318
What 2 widespread STDs can be a primary cause of infertility in women?
Gonorrhea and chlamydia
319
What is human papilloma virus (HPV) also called?
Condylomata Acuminata
320
What does HPV cause?
Venereal warts
321
What does HPV cause in males vs females?
Males: bump on penis skin
Females: cervical carcinoma
322
What STD is caused by a flagellated protozoan that causes acute vaginitis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
323
What STD may cause liver failure or cancer?
Hepatitis B
324
What STD is known as a yeast infection?
Candida albicans
325
What is Candida albicans called if oral?
Thrush
326
What is the developing embryo or fetus called?
Conceptus
327
What is the time of development within the uterus called?
Gestation
328
What is the pre-human called from day 1 to week 8?
Embryo
329
What is the pre-human called from the 8th week till birth (40 weeks)?
Fetus
330
What is a fertilized oocyte?
Zygote
331
When does a two-celled embryo exist?
30 hours after fertilization
332
What is each cell in the embryo called?When does a two-celled embryo exist?
Blastomere
333
When does a four-celled embryo exist?
48 hours gestation
334
When does an eight-celled embryo exist?
60 hours
335
When does a morula (solid ball of cells) exist?
Day 3
336
What are blastomeres called, meaning they have the potential to develop into a complete individual (twins, or clones)?
Totipotent
337
In what meiosis phase does fertilization occur?
In metaphase II
338
What is a hollow ball of cells called?
Blastula/blastocyst
339
When does a blastula exist?
Day 4
340
In what early developmental form does the uterus reach the uterus as?
Blastula
341
What must the embryo "hatch" out of in order to nidate?
Zona pellucida
342
What is the zona pellucida made of?
Glycoprotein shell
343
What does nidation mean?
Implant
344
What will the inner cell mass become?
Embryo proper
345
What cells are on the outer wall of the embryo and will contribute to the placenta?
Trophoblasts
346
What do trophoblasts produce to make the uterus ready for pregnancy (and is used to detect pregnancy)?
HCG
347
What is a fluid filled space called?
Blastocoel
348
When does nidation occur?
Day 6-9 after fertilization as a blastula
349
What do trophoblasts give rise to?
Cytotrphoblasts
350
What do cytotrophoblasts give rise to?
Syncytiotrophoblasts
351
What do syncytiotrophoblasts give rise to?
The chorion portion of the placenta
352
At what day does the blastula become bilaminar?
Day 7
353
Does the epiblast give rise to the embryo proper or the extraembryonic endoderm?
Embryo proper
354
Does the hypoblast give rise to the embryo proper or the extraembryonic endoderm?
Extraembryonic endoderm
355
What does the embryo proper consist of?
3 primary/primordial germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) or trilaminar embryo
356
What does do the extraembryonic structures consist of?
Yolk sac
357
What does the extraembryonic endoderm make?
Extraembryonic structures
358
What does "syncytio" mean?
Multinucleated
359
What cells are aggressively invasive and digest into the uterus?
Syncytiotrophoblasts
360
What are spaces that form within the syncytiotrophoblasts and are eventually filled with maternal blood that bathes the chorionic villi?
Lacunae
361
What surrounds the embryo/fetus to protect it?
Amnion
362
What surrounds the amnion?
Chorion
363
How much amniotic fluid fills the amnion and is replaced daily?
1000 ml
364
What does the chorion line?
The inside surface of cytotrophoblasts
365
By what day does the lacunae fuse and maternal blood seeps in?
Day 12
366
What fills the lacunae in addition to maternal blood?
Embryonic blood vessels (within the chorionic villi)
367
What arteries does the embryonic blood vessels receive nutrients from?
Spiral arteries
368
What are CO2 and other wastes picked up by in the uterus?
Uterine veins
369
Where does the secondary yolk sac push down from?
The hypoblast
370
What does the connecting stalk become?
The umbilical cord
371
What is the appearance of the 3 primordial germ layers called?
Gastrulation
372
What becomes the cephalic (head) region of the embryo?
Prochordal plate
373
What is the trilaminar embryonic disc or trilaminar embryo referred to in "lower animals"?
Gastrula
374
What is the development of the embryo from zygote to trilaminar embryo called?
Embryogenesis
375
What primary germ layer gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis, pituitary gland, and adrenal medulla?
Ectoderm
376
What primary germ layer gives rise to connective tissue and mesenchyme?
Mesoderm
377
What is mesenchyme?
Embryonic form of connective tissue
378
What primary germ layer gives rise to the viscera?
Endoderm
379
At how many weeks does the heart begin to pump blood?
4 weeks
380
What is the development of organs and their systems called?
Organogenesis
381
At 28 days, how big is the pre-human?
5 mm long
382
What are mesodermal masses that lie on either side of the notocord, giving the embryo a "segmented" appearance?
Somites
383
What can somites be used for?
Dating the embryo's progress
384
What do somites develop into?
Parts of the skeleton, skin, muscles
385
What is the median cylindrical structure eventually replaced by the vertebral column
Notochord
386
How many pairs of somites?
40
387
How many functional parts do somites have?
3
388
What cells in somites produce the vertebra and rib at each level?
Sclerotome
389
What cells in somites form the dermis of the skin on the dorsal part of the body?
Dermatome
390
What cells in somites produce skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk, and limbs?
Myotome
391
What do myotome cells form muscles with?
Limb buds
392
What gives rise to auditory ossicles, parts of the mandible, nerves, hyoid bone, thymus, and other neck structures?
Pharyngeal arches
393
When does the chorion start to thin?
28 days
394
What originates in the yolk sac and then moves to the embryo proper to form the gonads?
Primordial germ cells
395
What role does the placenta have in immunity?
It allows passage of the maternal IgG's to the fetus
396
As the fetus is a combination of maternal and paternal genes, it is similar to what?
An allograft
397
What keeps the corpus luteum functioning so it can continue to release progesterone?
HCG
398
What is the embryonic process where rudiments of the future CNS and skeleton are established?
Neurulation
399
What is it called when a flat sheet of cells is turned into a hollow, tube-like structure?
Embryonic folding
400
What is sampling the amniotic fluid to examine fetal chromosomes found in sloughed skin cells for genetic disease?
Amniocentesis
401
When is amniocentesis usually done?
10-12 weeks
402
What is biopsy of villus cells to examine fetal chromosomes for potential diseases?
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
403
When is CVS usually done?
15-18 weeks old
404
What structure will become part of the umbilical cord and urinary bladder, important for development of extraembryonic membranes?
Allantois
405
What will the allantois become?
Urachis
406
When does the neural groove form in the dorsum of the embryo?
Day 18
407
When does the anterior portion of the neural tube close?
Day 25
408
When does the posterior portion of the neural tube close?
Day 27
409
What does the anterior portion of the neural tube become?
Forebrain or cerebral cortex
410
What does the posterior portion of the neural tube become?
Spinal cord
411
What deficiency is seen with neural tube defects (NTD)?
Folic acid
412
Is anencephaly anterior or posterior NTD?
Anterior
413
Is Spina Bifida anterior or posterior NTD?
Posterior
414
What are NTD indicated by?
Increased alpha fetal protein
415
What is the process of birth called?
Partuition
416
The fetus releases what in response to stress?
Cortisol
417
What does the fetal release of cortisol cause the mother to release?
Oxytocin
418
Where is oxytocin released from the mother?
Posterior pituitary gland
419
What does oxytocin cause?
Uterine contractions, pushing the fetus, stretching the cervix, thus signaling for more oxytocin release
420
Is the oxytocin feedback positive or negative?
Positive
421
Where is oxytocin MADE?
Hypothalamus
422
What is the first stage of labor?
Dilation
423
What will the cervix dilate to?
10 cm
424
What is it called when the fetal head pushes down into the cervix, and the cervix thins and softens?
Effacement
425
What is the middle stage of labor from dilation to delivery?
Expulsion stage
426
What is it called when the fetal head begins to push through the vaginal orifice?
Crowning
427
What is the stage of delivery where the placenta separates from the uterine wall and is delivered with the fetal membranes?
Placental stage
428
When does the placental stage happen?
Usually within 30 minutes of delivery
429
What does the ductus venosus bypass?
Liver
430
What is the opening in the interatrial septum where the ductus arteriosus is?
Foramen ovale
431
What does the ductus arteriosus bypass?
Pulmonary circulation
