Practical 1: The Heart Flashcards
(384 cards)
1
Q
What are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
A
Arteries
2
Q
What color are arteries usually? When are they different?
A
Usually red
Blue in the pulmonary and placental arteries
3
Q
Why are arteries usually red?
A
The high concentration of oxygen
4
Q
What are the blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart?
A
Veins
5
Q
What color are veins usually? When are they different?
A
Usually blue
Red in the pulmonary and placental veins
6
Q
Why are veins usually blue?
A
They have a relatively low level of oxygen
7
Q
What is the tunica media?
A
Middle layer of tissue in the walls of blood vessels
8
Q
Is the tunica media thicker or thinner in veins?
A
Tunica media is thinner in veins
9
Q
Is the tunica media thicker or thinner in arteries?
A
Tunica media is thicker in arteries
10
Q
Do arteries have valves?
A
Arteries typically don’t have valves, other than the pulmonary and aortic arteries
11
Q
Do veins have valves?
A
Yes, many veins have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward and help pump blood toward the heart
12
Q
A
A
Right Brachiocephalic V
13
Q
B
A
Left Brachiocephalic V
14
Q
C
A
Superior Vena Cava
15
Q
D
A
Right Auricle
16
Q
E
A
Right Coronary A
17
Q
F
A
Small cardiac V
18
Q
G
A
Apex
19
Q
H
A
Great cardiac V
20
Q
I
A
Anterior Interventricular A
21
Q
J
A
Left auricle
22
Q
K
A
Pulmonary trunk
23
Q
L
A
Left pulmonary A
24
Q
M
A
Ascending aorta
25
N
Ligamentum arteriosum
26
O
Aortic arch
27
P
Left subclavian A
28
Q
Left common carotid A
29
R
Brachiocephalic trunk
30
A
Left pulmonary A
31
B
Left pulmonary V
31
C
Left atrium is inside here
31
D (Red AND Blue)
Circumflex A AND Great Cardiac V coming around from the anterior surface
31
E
Coronary sinus
32
F
Apex
33
G
Middle cardiac V
34
H
Posterior interventricular A
35
I
Right coronary A
36
J
Inferior vena cava
37
K
Right pulmonary V
38
L
Right pulmonary A
39
M
Superior vena cava
40
N
Aortic arch
41
A
Left subclavian A
42
B
Aortic arch
43
D
Left pulmonary V
44
C
Left pulmonary A
45
E
Left atrium is inside here
46
F
Right pulmonary V
47
G
Right pulmonary A
48
H
Azygos V
49
I
Superior vena cava
50
J
Brachiocephalic trunk
51
K
Common carotid A
52
A
Location of sino atrial node
53
B
Pectinate muscles
54
C
Fossa ovalis
55
D: What was C in the fetus?
Foramen ovale
56
E
Interatrial septum
57
F
Atrioventricular node of the conducting fibers
58
G
Opening of the inferior vena cava
59
H
Opening of the coronary sinus
60
I
Inferior vena cava
61
A
Right atrium
62
B
Right coronary A
63
C
Tricuspid valve
64
D
Chordae tendineae
65
E (behind the white thing)
Right ventricle
66
F
Papillary muscles
67
G
Trabeculae carneae
68
H
Apex
69
I
Trabeculae carneae
70
J
Papillary muscles
71
K (the region here, not the tip of the arrow)
Left ventricle
72
L
Chordae tendineae
73
M
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
74
N
Circumflex A
75
O (Blue)
Great cardiac V
76
P
Pulmonary veins
77
Q
Pulmonary arteries
78
R
Pulmonary trunk
79
T
Superior vena cava
79
S
Ascending aorta
80
U
Right pulmonary A
81
A
Pulmonary semilunar valve
82
B
Tricuspid valve
83
C
Chordae tendineae
84
D
Interventricular septum
85
E
Papillary muscle
86
F
Trabeculae carneae
87
G
Outer wall of right ventricle
88
H
Visceral pericardium, or epicardium
89
I
Myocardium
90
J
Endocardium
91
K
Trabeculae carneae
92
L
Papillary muscle
93
M
Chordae tendineae
94
N
Mitral or bicuspid valve
95
O: Which letter is the location of the interventricular bundle branches?
D
96
A
Left pulmonary V
97
B (Red AND blue)
Circumflex A and great cardiac V
98
C
Mitral or bicuspid valve
99
D
Left auricle
100
E
Right atrium
101
F
Left pulmonary A
102
G
Aortic arch
103
H
Left subclavian A
104
I
Left common carotid A
105
L
Right pulmonary A
105
B
Pulmonary semilunar valve
105
J
Superior vena cava
105
A
Left auricle
105
M
Right pulmonary Vs
106
K
Azygos V
106
D
Interventricular septum
106
C
Right auricle
107
E
Aortic semilunar valve
108
F: What letter is the location of the interventricular bundle branches?
D
109
What does vide superioris mean?
Looking down from above
110
B
Tricuspid valve
111
C
Aortic semilunar valve
112
D
Pulmonary semilunar valve
113
E
Bicuspid or mitral valve
114
A
Left pulmonary A
115
B
Left atrium (inside)
116
C
Left pulmonary Vs
117
D
Coronary sinus
118
E
Apex
119
F
Posterior interventricular A
120
G
Inferior vena cava
121
H
Right pulmonary Vs
122
I
Right pulmonary A
123
1
Middle cardiac V
124
A: Which letter is the primary pacemaker?
D
125
B: At what rate does the primary pacemaker generate AP?
100 bpm
126
C: What slows the AP, and how slow does it go?
The vagus nerve slows the bpm to 75 bpm
127
D
Sinoatrial node
128
E
Atrioventricular node
129
F: What is it called when the speed of the AP is slowed by the AV Node for optimal ventricle filling?
Atrioventricular node delay
130
G: What is the bpm for nodal or junctional rhythm?
40-50 bpm
131
H: What does nodal or junctional rhythm indicate?
This indicates a pathology.
The atrioventricular node (secondary pacemaker) is controlling the heart, which means something is wrong with the primary pacemaker (sinoatrial node).
132
I1. What is the collection of fibers?
I2. Where is this located?
I1. Atrioventricular bundle
I2. Interventricular septum
133
J
Right and Left atrioventricular bundle branches
134
K: How fast do Purkinje fibers generate AP?
Very slow, < 30 bpm
135
L: What does a bpm of < 30 indicate?
Failure of both the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes (primary and secondary pacemakers)
136
M
Purkinje fibers
137
What nervous system slows the heartbeat by stimulation of the vagus nerve?
Parasympathetic
138
What is the secondary pacemaker?
Atrioventricular node
139
1
P
140
2
Q
141
3
R
142
4
S
143
5
T
144
6
U
145
A: What do ECG/EKGs represent?
All electrical events in all the heart muscles combined
146
B: Which # indicates atrial depolarization?
1 (P wave)
147
C: When does atrial depolarization happen?
Just prior to contraction
148
D: What #s are the QRS complex?
2, 3, 4
149
E: When does ventricular depolarization happen?
After an interval of - 0.1 seconds
150
F: What hides the atrial repolarization wave?
QRS complex
151
G: When does ventricular repolarization occur?
5 (T wave)
152
H: Which wave is enhanced by hypokalemia (low potassium in the blood)?
6 (U wave)
153
I: Which wave is of an unknown origin?
6 (U wave)
154
Which wave is not always visible on normal EKGs?
6 (U wave)
155
A
Ascending aorta
156
B
Brachiocephalic trunk
157
C
Left common carotid artery
158
D
Left subclavian artery
159
E
Descending thoracic aorta
160
F
Aortic arch
161
A
Ascending aorta
162
B
Brachiocephalic trunk
163
C
Left common carotid A
164
D
Left subclavian artery
165
E
Descending thoracic aorta
166
F
Aortic arch
167
G
Ligamentum arteriosum
168
What was G in the fetus?
Ductus arteriosus
169
A
Right subclavian A
170
B
Right internal jugular V
171
C
Right subclavian V
172
D
Right brachiocephalic V
173
E
Left brachiocephalic V
174
F
Aortic arch
175
G
Superior vena cava
176
H
Ascending aorta
177
I
Right auricle
178
J (red line around top)
Right coronary A
179
K
Pulmonary trunk
180
L
Anterior interventricular A
181
M
Great cardiac V
182
N
Apex
183
O
Left auricle
184
P
Left pulmonary Vs
185
Q
Descending thoracic aorta
186
R
Left pulmonary A
187
S
Ligamentum arteriosum
188
T
Left subclavian V
189
U
Left subclavian A
190
V (BLUE)
Left internal jugular V
191
W
Left common carotid A
192
X
Trachea
193
Y
Brachiocephalic trunk
194
Z
Right common carotid A
195
1: What was S in the fetus?
Ductus Arteriosus
196
A
Ascending aorta
197
B
Right coronary A
198
C
Pulmonary semilunar valve
199
D
Anterior interventricular A
200
E
Great cardiac V
201
F
Circumflex A
202
G
Great cardiac V
203
H
Left coronary A
204
A
Left pulmonary Vs
205
B
Coronary sinus
206
C
Great cardiac V
207
D
Circumflex A
208
E
Posterior interventricular A
209
F
Middle cardiac V
210
G
Right coronary A
211
H
Inferior vena cava
212
A
Right brachiocephalic V
213
B
Superior vena cava
214
C
Right auricle
215
D & E (They are the same!)
Right coronary A
216
F
Small cardiac V
217
G
Apex
218
H
Great cardiac V
219
I
Anterior interventricular A
220
J
Pulmonary trunk
221
K
Left auricle
222
L
Left pulmonary A
223
M
Ascending aorta
224
N
Left common carotid A
225
O
Aortic arch
226
P
Brachiocephalic trunk
227
Q
Left brachiocephalic V
228
A
*ARROW SHOULD BE TO THE NUB TO THE LEFT, I.E., THE MIDDLE NUB*
Left common carotid A
229
B
Left subclavian A
230
C
Left pulmonary A
231
D
Descending thoracic aorta
231
E
Left pulmonary Vs
232
F
Coronary sinus
233
H
Posterior interventricular A
234
G
Middle cardiac V
235
I
Apex
236
J
Inferior vena cava
237
K
Right pulmonary Vs
238
L
Right pulmonary A
239
M
Azygos V
239
N
Superior vena cava
240
O
Left brachiocephalic V
241
A
Right brachiocephalic V
242
B
Superior vena cava
243
C
Ascending aorta
244
D
Right coronary A
245
E
Right atrium
246
F
Inferior vena cava
247
G
Right ventricle
248
H
Small cardiac V
249
I
Right coronary A
250
J
Papillary muscles
251
K
Trabeculae carneae
252
L
Apex
253
M
Trabeculae carneae
254
N
Papillary muscles
255
O
Left ventricle
256
P
Chordae tendineae
257
Q
Mitral or bicuspid valve
258
R
Circumflex A
259
S
Great cardiac V
260
T
Pulmonary trunk
261
U
Left pulmonary A
262
V
Aortic arch
263
W
Left subclavian A
264
X
Left common carotid A
265
Y
Brachiocephalic trunk
266
Z
Left brachiocephalic V
267
B
Circumflex A
268
A
Great cardiac V
269
C
Epicardium or visceral pericardium
270
D
Interventricular septum
271
E
Myocardium
272
F
Endocardium
273
A
Right coronary A
274
B
Left auricle
275
C
Left coronary A
276
E
Right coronary A
277
D
Pulmonary semilunar valve
278
F
Small cardiac V
279
G (whole structure, not just wall)
Right Auricle
280
H
Pectinate muscles
281
A
Right brachiocephalic V
282
B
Left brachiocephalic V
283
C
Superior vena cava
284
D
Ascending aorta
285
E
Right auricle
286
F (RED)
Anterior interventricular A
287
G
Great cardiac V
288
H
Left auricle
289
I
Pulmonary trunk
290
J
Left pulmonary A
291
K
Aortic arch
292
L
Left common carotid A
293
M
Left subclavian A
294
N
Brachiocephalic trunk
295
A
Aortic arch
296
B
Ascending aorta
297
C
Descending thoracic aorta
298
D
Posterior segmental As
299
E: What does D branch to?
Posterior intercostals
300
F
Inferior vena cava
301
G
Right pulmonary Vs
302
H
Right pulmonary A
303
I
Azygos V
304
J
Superior vena cava
305
K
Right brachiocephalic V
306
L
Left brachiocephalic V
307
A
Left common carotid A
308
B
Left subclavian A
309
C
Trachea
310
D
Esophagus
311
E
Descending thoracic aorta
312
F
Posterior segmental
313
G: What does F branch into?
Posterior intercostals
314
H
Right pulmonary A
315
I
Azygos V
316
J
Superior vena cava
317
K
Brachiocephalic trunk
318
L
Right subclavian A
319
M
Right subclavian V
320
N
Right internal jugular V
321
O
Right common carotid A
322
P
Left brachiocephalic V
323
Q
Left internal jugular V
324
A
Left brachiocephalic V
325
B
Left internal jugular V
326
C
Left common carotid A
327
D
Left subclavian V
328
E
Left subclavian A
329
F
Descending thoracic aorta
330
G
Posterior segmental As
331
H: What does G branch into?
Posterior intercostals
332
I
Right pulmonary A
333
J
Azygos V
334
K
Superior vena cava
335
L
Brachiocephalic trunk
336
M
Right subclavian A
337
N
Right subclavian V
338
O
Right internal jugular V
339
P
Right common carotid A
340
A
Superior vena cava
341
B
Right pulmonary A
342
C
Right pulmonary V
343
D
Right auricle
344
E (RED)
Right coronary A
345
F (BLUE)
Small cardiac V
346
G
Anterior interventricular A
347
H
Great cardiac V
348
I
Apex
349
J
Pulmonary trunk
350
K
Left auricle
351
L
Left pulmonary V
352
M
Left pulmonary A
353
N
Location of ligamentum arteriosum
354
O
Ascending aorta
355
A
Right auricle
356
B
Left auricle
357
C
Left ventricular wall
358
D
Right ventricular wall
359
E
Interventricular septum
360
F
Pectinate muscles
361
A
Tricuspid valve
362
B
Pulmonary trunk/arteries
363
C
Lungs
364
D
Pulmonary V
365
E
Left atrium
366
F
Left ventricle
367
G
Mitral valve
368
H
Entire body
369
I
Real aortic path
369
J
Real pulmonary trunk path
370
K (What does the blue arrow represent?)
Deoxygenated blood
Will go to lungs to get O2
371
L (What does the red arrow represent?)
Oxygenated blood
Will deliver O2 to the body
