Practical 2: Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Do endocrine structures have ducts?
A
NO
2
Q
Do exocrine structures have ducts?
A
Yes
3
Q
What structures produce hormones and their receptors?
A
Endocrine
4
Q
Where do hormones go?
A
Directly into the blood vessels
5
Q
What are examples of exocrine products?
A
Tears, sweat, oil, mucus, saliva, gastric enzymes, bicarb
6
Q
Do hormones have specific sites for functioning?
A
Yes, its target organ/tissue/cell
7
Q
What must the target organ/tissue/cell have for a hormone to work?
A
A receptor
8
Q
Where are hormone receptors?
A
Usually on the cell membrane, but also on cytoplasm or nucleoplasm
9
Q
A
A
Pineal gland
10
Q
B
A
Hypothalamus
11
Q
C
A
Infundibulum
12
Q
D
A
Pituitary gland/hypophysis
13
Q
What does the pineal gland produce?
A
Serotonin- day
Melatonin- night
14
Q
What does the hypothalamus produce?
A
Releasing hormones
Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin
Oxytocin
15
Q
What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland?
A
Adenohypophysis
16
Q
Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) produced?
A
Anterior pituitary gland
17
Q
What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?
A
Cause the thyroid to produce Triiodothyronine (T3)
18
Q
What is the inactive form of Triiodothyronine (T3)?
A
Thyroxine (T4)
19
Q
Where is Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) produced?
A
Anterior pituitary gland
20
Q
What does adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) do?
A
Cause the adrenal glands to release cortisol
21
Q
Where is the Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) produced?
A
Anterior pituitary gland
22
Q
What does the follicle stimulating hormone do in males vs females?
A
Males- stimulates spermatogenesis
Females- causes ovaries to make estrogen
23
Q
Where is Luteinizing hormone (LH) made?
A
Anterior pituitary gland
24
Q
What does Luteinizing hormone do in males vs females?
A
Males- causes testes to make testosterone
Females- stimulates ovulation
25
Where is Prolactin (PRL) made?
Anterior pituitary gland
26
What does Prolactin (PRL) do?
Stimulates milk production
27
Where is the Growth hormone (GH)/Somatotropin produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
28
What does the Growth hormone/Somatotrophin do?
Stimulates mitosis and cell differentiation
29
What is another name for the Posterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
30
What is stored in the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
31
Where are Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin made?
Hypothalamus
32
A
Third ventricle
33
B
Hypothalamus
34
C
"Releasing" hormones
35
D
Regulate the pituitary gland
36
A
Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis
37
B
Hormones effecting various aspects of physiology
38
C
Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis
39
D
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
40
A
Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis
41
B
Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis
42
A
Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis
43
B
Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis
44
A
Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis
45
B
Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis
46
A
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
47
B
Thyroid gland
48
What is the thyroid gland stimulated by? Where is this stimulator from?
Thyroid stimulating hormone from Anterior pituitary
49
What are thyroid follicles filled with?
Colloid
50
What surrounds the pink colloid?
Follicular cells
51
What do follicular cells produce?
Thyroxine (T4)
52
Is thyroxine (T4) active or inactive?
Inactive
53
What does Triiodothyronine (T3) do?
As the active form of Thyroxine (T4), it increases metabolism
54
What cells are outside of the thyroid follicles?
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
55
What do parafollicular cells produce?
Calcitonin
56
What does calcitonin do?
Decreases blood Ca++ levels by increasing osteoblast activity (building bone)
57
What are the glands behind the thyroid gland? How many are there?
Parathyroid glands (4)
58
What do the parathyroid glands produce?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
59
What does Parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
Increases blood Ca++ levels by breaking down bone (which releases Ca++ into blood)
60
What gland is wrapped around the anterior and lateral aspects of the trachea below the larynx?
Thyroid gland
61
What does colloid contain?
Glycoproteins
62
What do the 3 and 4 of T3 and T4 mean?
The # of iodine atoms
63
A
Parafollicular cells
64
B
Calcitonin
65
C
Reduces blood calcium levels by using it to build bone
66
D
Follicular cells
67
E
Releases thyroxin (T4) from the colloid
68
F
Triiodothyronine (T3)
69
G
Colloid
70
H
Parathyroid gland
71
I
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
72
J
Increases blood calcium levels by digesting bone
73
A
Parafollicular cells
74
B
Follicular cells
75
C
Colloid
76
D
Parathyroid gland
77
A
Parafollicular cells
78
B
Follicular cells
79
C
Colloid
80
D
Parathyroid gland
81
A
Parafollicular cells
82
B
Follicular cells
83
C
Colloid
84
D
Parathyroid gland
85
A
Follicular cells
86
B
Simple cuboidal
87
C
Colloid
88
D
Thyroid hormones
89
E
Parafollicular cells
90
A
Thymus
91
B
Maturation of T Lymphocytes (T cells)
92
C
Prominent in children
Regresses in adults
93
D
Heart
94
Where is the thymus located?
Above the heart
95
When is the thymus the largest?
Children (gets smaller as you age)
96
What is the thymus made up of?
Lymphocytes
97
A
Thymus
98
B
T Lymphocytes (T cells)
99
Where are alpha and beta cells found?
Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
100
What do alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
101
What do beta cells produce?
Insulin
102
How do alpha cells increase plasma glucose levels?
By freeing glucose from hepatic glycogen
103
How do beta cells decrease blood glucose levels?
By stimulating update of glucose into cells
104
What cells surround the islets of Langerhans?
Acinar cells
105
What do acinar cells do?
Produce digestive enzymes and bicarb (which neutralizes the stomach acid)
106
A
Pancreas
107
A
Islets of Langerhans
108
B
Alpha and Beta cells
109
C
Alpha: glucagon
Beta: insulin
110
D
Acinar cells
111
E
Produce digestive enzymes and bicarb
112
F
Into the small intestines
113
A
Acinar cells
114
B
Exocrine
115
C
Islets of Langerhans
116
D
Endocrine
117
What does the adrenal cortex make?
Steroids
118
Are steroids a type of hormone?
Yes
119
What is the outermost zone of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa
120
What does the zona glomerulosa produce?
Mineralocorticoids (a subclass of steroids)
121
What specific mineralocorticoid hormone is responsible for increasing Na+ reabsorption from the kidneys back into the plasma?
Aldosterone
122
Does aldosterone make water retention, or water release?
Water retention
123
What is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex?
Zona fasciculata
124
What is produced in the zona fasiculata?
Glucocorticoids (subclass of steroids)
125
What specific glucocorticoid is an anti-stress hormone that helps decrease inflammatory response?
Cortisol
126
What is the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex?
Zona reticularis
127
What does the zona reticularis produce?
Sex steroids (subclass of steroids)
128
What are examples of sex steroids?
Testosterone, estrogen, etc.
129
What part of the adrenal gland produces sympathetic/adrenergic hormones?
Adrenal medulla
130
What hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
131
What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
Increase HR, SOC, vasoconstriction, BP
132
A
Adrenal or suprarenal gland
133
B
Kidney
134
A
Adrenal cortex
135
B
Adrenal medulla
136
A
Adrenal cortex
137
B
Steroid hormones
138
C
Adrenal medulla
139
D
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
140
E
Sympathetic NS
141
F
Cortex
142
A
Pineal gland
143
B
Serotonin- day
Melatonin- night
144
A
Testes
145
B
Testosterone
146
C
Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
147
A
Ovaries
148
B
Estrogen
Progesterone
149
C
Estrogen- Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Progesterone- Maintains the uterus for pregnancy
150
What are chemical messengers called?
Hormones
151
Where is they hypothalamus located?
Midbrain
152
What attaches the Pituitary gland/hypophysis to the hypothalamus?
The infundibulum
153
Where is the pituitary gland located?
Hypophyseal fossa
154
What germ layer gives rise to the pituitary gland?
Ectoderm
155
Which lobe of the pituitary is "darker" and "busier"? (Anterior or posterior)
Anterior pituitary
156
What is another name for Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)?
Gonadotropin
157
What in the ovaries produces estrogen from testosterone?
Granulosa cells
158
What in the testes produces testosterone?
Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
159
What is another way of saying milk production?
Lactation
160
What is another way of saying "after giving birth"?
After parturition
161
Which lobe of the pituitary is "lighter"? (Anterior or posterior)
Posterior pituitary
162
What is one of the most powerful vasoconstrictors in the body?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin (VP)
163
How does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin cause water retention?
By increasing the # of water channels in the kidney's tubules
164
What does oxytocin do?
Stimulates uterine contractions and milk "let down" during lactation
165
Is the islets of langerhans (pancreas) usually lighter or darker?
Lighter
166
Where is the pineal gland located?
Midbrain
167
What is used to regulate our sleep/wake cycle, AKA circadian rhythm?
Melatonin
168
What hormone has been suggested to play a role in the onset of puberty, as it affects when animals go into heat?
Melatonin
169
What is the pineal gland a major component of?
The biological clock
170
How is the pineal gland distinguished histologically?
Thanks to it possessing pineal sand (AKA "brain sand") made up of calcium carbonate
