Practical 3: Development Flashcards
1
Q
A
A
Corona radiata
2
Q
B
A
Zona pellucida
3
Q
C
A
First polar body
4
Q
D
A
Chromosomes are separating
5
Q
E
A
Anaphase II
6
Q
F
A
Metaphase II
7
Q
A
A
Spermatozoa entering oocyte
8
Q
B
A
Corona radiata
9
Q
C
A
Zona pellucida
10
Q
D
A
One is the second polar body
The other two are ootids
11
Q
A
A
Zygote
12
Q
B
A
Yes, a fertilized oocyte
13
Q
C
A
Nuclear division
14
Q
D
A
Male pro-nucleus
15
Q
E
A
Female pro-nucleus
16
Q
F
A
Zona pellucida
17
Q
G
A
One is the second polar body
The other two are ootids
18
Q
A
A
Zygote
19
Q
B
A
Yes
20
Q
C
A
Spermatozoan
21
Q
D
A
Male pronucleus
22
Q
E
A
Female pronucleus
23
Q
A
A
Two-cell embryo
24
Q
B
A
30 Hours old
25
C
Blastomere
26
A
Two-cell embryo
27
B
30 Hours old
28
C
Zona pellucida
29
A
Four-cell embryo
30
B
48 hours
31
C
Blastomere
32
A
Four-cell embryo
33
B
48 Hours
34
A
Eight-cell embryo
35
B
60 hours
36
A
Morula
37
B
3 days
38
C
16 cells
39
D
Totipotent
40
E
Every blastomere has the potential to develop into a complete individual (as seen in identical twins)
41
A
Morula
42
B
3 days
43
A
Early blastula or blastocyst
44
B
4 days
45
C
Hollow
46
D
Inner cell mass
47
E
Embryo proper
48
F
Trophoblasts
49
G
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
50
H
Maintains the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to maintain the uterus for pregnancy
51
I
Blastocoel
52
J
Fluid
53
A
Early blastula/blastocyst
54
B
4 days
55
A
Bilaminar blastula
56
B
7 days
57
C
Hollow
58
D
Nidation
59
E
Around day 6
60
F
Trophoblasts
61
G
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
62
H
Epiblast
63
I
Embryo proper
64
J
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
65
K
Hypoblast
66
L
Extraembryonic endoderm structures like the yolk sac
67
M
Blastocoel
68
A
Late blastula
69
B
8 days
70
C
Hollow
71
D
Lacunae
72
E
Maternal blood
73
F & G
Syncytiotrophoblasts
74
H
Invades the uterus to establish the chorion (the fetal contribution to the placenta)
75
I
Cytotrophoblasts
76
J
Syncytiotrophoblasts
77
L
Amnion
78
M
Thin membrane surrounding the embryo/fetus
79
N
Amniotic cavity
80
O
Epiblast
81
P
Blastocoel
82
Q
Hypoblast
83
A
Late blastula
84
B
8 days
85
C
Hollow
86
D
Chorionic cavity
87
E
Blastocoel
88
F
Hypoblast
89
G
Epiblast
90
H
Amniotic cavity
91
I
Amnion
92
J
Cytotrophoblasts
93
K
Syncytiotrophoblasts
94
L
Lacunae
95
A
12 days
96
B & C
Syncytiotrophoblasts
97
D
Establish the chorion
98
E
Cytotrophoblasts
99
F
Syncytiotrophoblasts
100
G
Invade the uterus to establish the chorion
101
H
Amnion
102
I
Amniotic cavity
103
J
Epiblast
104
K
Primary yolk sac
105
L
Extraembryonic endoderm
106
M
Mesoderm
107
N
Hypoblast
108
A
Trilaminar embryo/gastrula
109
B
Day 14
110
C
Secondary yolk sac
111
D
Connecting stalk
112
E
Connecting stalk
113
F
Umbilical cord
114
G
Chorion
115
H
Syncytiotrophoblasts
116
I
Amnion and amniotic cavity
117
J
Prochordal plate
118
K
Cephalic region of the embryo (head)
119
L
Epiblast
120
M
Secondary yolk sac
121
N
The primary yolk sac
122
O
Chorionic cavity
123
B
28 days
124
C
5 mm
1/5 inch
125
D
No, just the limb buds
126
E
Chorion/placenta
127
F
Somites
128
G
Vertebrae, muscles, dermis, cartilage
129
H
Pharyngeal arches
130
I
Auditory ossicles, mandible, nerves, hyoid, thymus
131
J
Thinning
132
K
Chorionic cavity
133
L
Secondary yolk sac
134
M
Primordial germ cells
135
N
Gonads (ovaries/testes)
136
O
Chorionic villi
137
P
Connecting stalk/umbilical cord
138
Q
Umbilical vessels
139
A
Embryonic
140
B
7 weeks
141
C
Limb buds
142
B
8-10 weeks
143
C
22 mm
1 inch
144
D
No
145
E
Chorionic cavity
146
F
Connecting stalk/umbilical cord
147
G
Secondary yolk sac being resorbed by connecting stalk/umbilical cord
148
H
Chorion/placenta
149
I
Amnion
150
A
Endometrium
151
B
Morula
152
D
3 days
153
E
4-cell stage
154
F
48 hours
155
G
Zygote
156
H
Uterine tube
157
I
Fertilization
158
J
Oocyte
159
K
Metaphase II
160
L
Ovary
161
M
Implanting blastocyst
162
N
Day 6
163
O
Cervix
164
A
2
165
B
Zona pellucida
166
C
Nucleoli within the nucleus
167
D
Remnants of 2nd polar body
168
A
4
169
A
Morulae
170
A
Early blastocyst
171
B
Blastocoel
172
A
Expanded blastocyst
173
A
Hatching blastocyst
174
A
Hatched blastocyst
175
What does human development depend on?
Temporal and spatial cues in dynamic niches that regulate multiple mesenchymal progenitor cell pools
176
What do progenitor cells differentiate in response to?
Distinct micro-environmental cues
177
What is a developing embryo or fetus?
Conceptus
178
What is the time of development within the uterus?
Gestation
179
How long is the growing human an embryo?
Day 1 to week 8
180
How long is the developing human a fetus?
Week 8 until birth
181
What surrounds the oocyte?
Zona pellucida
182
What is the fertilized oocyte called?
Zygote
183
Where does fertilization occur?
In the ampulla of the fallopian tube
184
When does fertilization happen?
During day 14-15 of a 28 day reproductive cycle
185
Is the time an oocyte can be fertilized long or short?
Short, as little as 15 hours after ovulation
186
A two-cell embryo occurs how many hours after fertilization?
30 hours
187
A four-cell embryo occurs how many hours after fertilization?
48 hours
188
What is each cell called in an embryo?
Blastomere
189
What is next after a four-cell embryo?
Eight-cell embryo
190
What is a solid ball of cells?
Morula
191
What day does the morula develop?
Around day 3
192
At what day does the embryo reach the uterus? What stage of development?
4 days (early blastula)
193
What do trophoblasts differentiate into?
Cytotrophoblasts
194
What do cytotrophoblasts differentiate into?
Syncytiotrophoblasts
195
What do syncytiotrophoblasts form?
The chorionic portion of the placenta
196
What is the zona pellucida made of?
Glycoprotein shell
197
When does the embryo "hatch" out of the zona pellucida?
Day 4 (when the embryo reaches the uterus)
198
What does nidate mean?
Implant
199
What does the inner cell mass become?
The embryo proper
200
What cells are on the outer wall of the embryo and contribute to the placenta?
Trophoblasts
201
When does nidation occur?
Day 6-9 after fertilization
202
Nidation occurs with what stage of development?
Blastula
203
On what day does the inner cell mass differentiate into two layers?
Day 7
204
What two layers does the inner cell mass differentiate into on day 7?
Epiblast
Hypoblast
205
What forms the primary yolk sac?
Hypoblast
206
How many layers are the syncytiotrophoblasts?
Single layer
207
How many layers are the cytotrophoblasts?
Single layer
208
What does the "syncitio" in syncytiotrophoblast mean?
Multinucleated
209
Which cells are aggressively invasive and digest into the uterus to establish the placenta?
Syncytiotrophoblasts
210
What day do some lacunae fuse and maternal blood seeps in by?
Day 13
211
What are the uterine arteries called that deliver nutrients and oxygen to the embryo?
Spiral arteries
212
When does the chorionic cavity fuse by?
Day 14
213
When does the secondary yolk sac push down from the hypoblast and cause the primary yolk sac to regress?
Day 14
214
What is the trilaminar embryo also known as?
Trilaminar embryonic disc and gastrula
215
When do the primordial germ layers develop by?
Day 15-16
216
Where do the primordial germ layers develop from?
Epiblast
217
What is the development of the embryo from zygote to the trilaminar embryo called?
Embryogenesis
218
What is the development of the primordial germ layers called?
Gastrulation
219
What is the development of organs and their systems called?
Organogenesis
220
What are mesodermal masses that lie on either side of the notocord that give the embryo a "segmented" appearance?
Somites
221
What can be used to "date" the embryo's progress?
Somites
222
What are median cylindrical structures that are eventually replaced by the vertebral column?
Notochord
223
How many pairs of somites are there?
40
224
What are the 3 parts of the somite?
Sclerotome cells
Dermatome cells
Myotome cells
225
What do sclerotome cells produce?
Vertebra and ribs
226
What do dermatome cells produce?
The dermis of the skin on the dorsal part of the body
227
What do the myotome cells form?
Skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk, and limbs
228
What do the myotome cells form muscles via?
Limb buds
229
What is the development of the placenta called?
Placentation
230
What are the two major components of the placenta?
Chorion
Decidua
231
What is the fetal contribution to the placenta?
Chorion
232
What is the maternal contribution to the placenta?
Decidua
233
What guides the fetal vessels into the uterus?
Chorionic villi
234
What part of the placenta participates in the exchange of nutrients/wastes/etc?
Decidua
235
What in the placenta aids in protecting the fetus from maternal immune attack?
Decidua
236
When does the placenta allow the passage of maternal IgG's to the fetus as early as?
20 weeks
237
What takes over progesterone production once the corpus luteum regresses?
The placenta
238
When does the corpus luteum regress and the placenta takes over progesterone production?
By 8 weeks
239
What is the embryonic process where the rudiments of the CNS become established?
Neurulation
240
What is it called when a flat sheet of cells is converted into a hollow tube?
Embryonic folding
241
What is it called when you sample amniotic fluid with a needle to examine fetal chromosomes?
Amniocentesis
242
When is amniocentesis done?
10-12 weeks
243
What do primordial germ cells give rise to?
Gonadal ridge
Hemopoietic stem cells
244
What does the gonadal ridge give rise to?
Gonads (ovaries, testes)
245
What does the hemopoietic stem cells give rise to?
Blood cells
246
What structure becomes part of the umbilical cord and urinary bladder, and is critical in the development of extraembryonic membranes?
Allantois
247
What is it called when villus cells are biopsied?
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
248
When does CVS occur?
15-18 weeks
249
At what day does the neural tube form from the neural groove?
Day 18
250
Where does the neural tube form?
Dorsum of the embryo
251
When should the anterior portion of the neural tube close?
Day 25
252
When should the posterior portion of the neural tube close?
Day 27
253
What is an anterior neural tube defect called?
Anencephaly
254
What is a posterior neural tube defect called?
Spina bifida
255
What are NTD indicated by?
Increased alpha fetal protein
256
What increases NTD risk?
Folic acid deficiency
257
What is the process of giving birth?
Parturition
258
What does the fetus release to signal maternal posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin?
Cortisol
259
What does oxytocin cause in the mother?
Uterine contractions
