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PathoPhysiology > Exam Four - Pulmonary 1&2 > Flashcards

Exam Four - Pulmonary 1&2 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

function of respiratory system (4)

A
  • exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
  • homeostatic regulation of body pH
  • protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
  • vocalization
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2
Q

flow takes place from regions of _____ pressure to ________ pressure

A

high, low

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3
Q

a _______ pump creates pressure gradients

A

muscular

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4
Q

resistance to air flow to primarily influenced by_______

A

the diameter of the tubes through which air is flowing

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5
Q

the upper respiratory tract includes

A

mouth basal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

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6
Q

the lower respiratory tract includes

A

trachea, 2 primary bronchi, their branches, and lungs

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7
Q

where is the site of gas exchange?

A

alveoli

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8
Q

the thoracic cage includes:

A

bones and muscle of thorax and abdomen

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9
Q

Why is pleural fluid important?

A
  • lowers friction between membranes
  • holds lungs tight against thoracic wall
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10
Q

the pleural cavity is slightly (neg/postitive)?

A

negative

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11
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have? left?

A

3,2

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12
Q

the pleural sac forms a _____________ surrounding the lung

A

double membrane

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13
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A

SCM, scalenes, external intercostals, and diaphragm

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14
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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15
Q

What are the airways that connect the lungs to the external environment responsible for?

A
  • warming air to body temperature
  • adding water vapor
  • filtering out foreign material
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16
Q

type one alveolar cells are responsible for…

A

gas exchange

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17
Q

type 2 alveolar cells are responsible for

A

surfactant production

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18
Q

t/f? there is a fused basement membrane between alveolar cells and capallaries

A

true

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19
Q

low interstitial fluid, elastic fibers, and macrophages hang around alveolar cells, t/f?

A

true

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20
Q

pulmonary circulation is _______ flow, ______ pressure

A

high, low

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21
Q

epithelial cells lining the airways and submucosal glands secrete _______- and __________-

A

saline and mucus

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22
Q

______ move the mucus layer toward the pharynx, removing trapped pathogens and particulate matter

A

cilia

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23
Q

CFTR is what type of channel?

A

apical anion channel

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24
Q

What does CFTR do?

A

allows Cl- to enter the lumen (facilitates bulk flow of water into the lumen)

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25
Explain CFTR in relation to cystic fibrosis
CFTR doesn't work so the mucus is too thick and can't move irritants out
26
dalton's law
total pressure equals sum of all partial pressures
27
boyle's law
P1V1 = P2V2
28
what is the ideal gas equation for the human body? (number of moles and temp is constant)
v = 1/p
29
the pressure exerted by an individual gas is determined only by ___________ and is __________ (dependent/independent) of the molecular size/mass of the gas
relative abundance, independent
30
respiratory cycle is
1 inspiration followed by 1 expiration
31
pulmonary function tests use a
spirometer
32
tidal volume (Vt)
volume that moves during a respiratory cycle
33
IRV
inspiratory reserve volume - additional volume above tidal volume
34
ERV
expiratory reserve volume - forecefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration
35
RV
residual volume - volume of air in the respiratory system after max exhalation
36
VC
vital capacity = IRV + ERV + Vt
37
TLC
total lung capacity = IRV + ERV + Vt + RV
38
t/f? males typically have a higher total lung capacity
true
39
when you inhale, what happens to the diaphragm and the thoracic volume?
diaphragm contracts and relaxes, thoracic volume increases
40
flow is proportional to...
change in pressure/resistance
41
inspiration occurs when alveolar pressure ________
decreases
42
expiration occurs when alveolar pressure___________
increases
43
When you inhale, intrapleural pressure gets more (neg/positive)?
negative
44
when you exhale, intrapleural pressure gets less (neg/postitive)?
neg
45
true or false, intrapleural pressure is negative at rest?
true
46
pneumothorax
collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall
47
compliance
ability to stretch
48
high compliance means
lungs stretch easily
49
low compliance means
stretching the lungs requires more force
50
Restrictive lung diseases have high/low compliance
low
51
What are 2 examples of low compliance, restrictive lung diseases?
fibrotic lung disease inadequate surfactant production (NRDS)
52
elastance
ability to return to resting volume when stretching force is released
53
law of laplace
p = 2T/r
54
what does law of laplace mean in words?
pressure in alveoli si directly proportional to surface tension and is inversely proportional to radius of alveoli
55
what are issues premature babies have with their lungs
inadequate surfactant concentrations
56
(Bronchoconstriction or brochodilation) increases resistance in air ways and is under parasympathetic control
brochoconstriction
57
(Bronchoconstriction or brochodilation) decreases resistance and is under sympathetic influence
bronchodilation
58
true or false, bronchodilation is under sympathetic INFLUENCE by epinephrine not sympathetic control
true
59
total pulmonary ventilaiton
- volume of air moved in and out of lungs per minute - ventilation rate x tidal volume
60
norm value for total pulmonary ventilation
6 L/min
61
norm value for total alveolar ventilation
4.2 L/min
62
norm value for max voluntary ventilation
125-170 L/min
63
norm value for respiration rate
12-20 breaths/min
64
ventilation and alveolar blood flow are ___ to ensure efficiency of gas exchange
matched
65
what happens to CO2 and O2 levels when you hypoventilate
high co2 and low o2
66
what happens to co2 and o2 levels when you hyperventilate
high o2 and low co2
67
obstructive lung disease increases
airway resistance
68
What are some examples of obstructive lung diseases?
asthma, COPD, obstructive sleep apnea
69
Forced vital capacity
FEV1/FVC ration distinguishes restrictive versus obstructive lung disease (if you have 80% or above then you have no disease)
70
why is smoking bad
because it paralyzes respiratory cilia (among other things)

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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