Exam Four - Pulmonary 3

Question 1

hypoxia

Answer 1

too little oxygen

Question 2

hypercapnea

Answer 2

increased concentration of co2

Question 3

to avoid hypoxia and hypercapnia, the body responds to these 3 regulated variables…

Answer 3

o2, co2, pH

Question 4

hypoxic hypoxia

Answer 4

low arterial P02

Question 5

anemic hypoxia

Answer 5

decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin

Question 6

ischemic hypoxia

Answer 6

reduced blood flow

Question 7

histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 7

failure of cells to use o2 because cells have been poisoned

Question 8

normal arterial and venous level of o2

Answer 8

95a, 40v

Question 9

normal arterial and venous level of co2

Answer 9

40a, 46v

Question 10

normal arterial and venous level of pH

Answer 10

7.4a, 7.37v

Question 11

breathing is ___ of air into and out of the lungs

Answer 11

bulk flow

Question 12

low alveolar PO2 ___ oxygen uptake

Answer 12

decreases

Question 13

t or f. low alveolar po2 if inspired air has abnormally low oxygen content

Answer 13

true, higher altitude decreases PO2

Question 14

low alveolar po2 if alveolar ventilation is inadequate

Answer 14

hypoventilation,

Question 15

hypoventilation can be caused by:

Answer 15

• decreased lung compliance
• increased airway resistance
• CNS depression

Question 16

diffusion rate is related to

Answer 16

surface area x concentration gradient x barrier permeability
1/distance^2

Question 17

what are 3 pathological changes that adversely affect gas exchange

Answer 17

• surface area (emphysema)
• diffusion barrier permeability (fibrotic lung disease)
• diffusion distance (edmea)

Question 18

what are the acronyms we use for symptoms of hypoxia

Answer 18

early rat
late to bed
(peds use FINES)

Question 19

emphysema

Answer 19

destruction of alveoli means less surface area for gas exchange

Question 20

fibrotic lung disease

Answer 20

thickened alveolar membrane slows gas exchange. loss of lung compliance may decrease alveolar ventilation

Question 21

pulmonary edema

Answer 21

fluid in interstitial space increases diffusion distance. arterial Pco2 may be normal due to higher co2 solubility in water

Question 22

asthma

Answer 22

increased airway resistance decreases alveolar ventilation

Question 23

movement of gases is directly proportional to

Answer 23

• pressure gradient of the gas
• solubility of the gas in liquid
• temperature

Question 24

with temperature constant, the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid depends on…

Answer 24

the solubility of the gas and the partial pressure of the gas

Question 25

fick equation can be used to

Answer 25

estimate oxygen consumption

Question 26

what is the fick equation

Answer 26

oxygen consumption (Qo2) = CO x (arterial o2 - venous o2)

Question 27

oxygen binding obeys the law of mass action, so what happens if you increase oxygen

Answer 27

shift to the right Hb + o2 -> HbO2

Question 28

oxygen binding obeys the law of mass action, so what happens if you decrease oxygen

Answer 28

shift to the left Hb + o2 <- HbO2

Question 29

if you are at rest, will most of your oxygen be bound to hemoglobin or unbound?

Answer 29

bound

Question 30

if you are exercising vigorously, will most of your oxygen be bound to hemoglobin or unbound

Answer 30

unbound

Question 31

true or false, hemoglobin increases oxygen transport

Answer 31

true

Question 32

What factors influence oxygens ability to bind to hemoglobin

Answer 32

pH, temperature, Pco2

Question 33

if pH decreases, temp increases, and concentration of co2 increases, will you have an increase or decreased affinity of O2 to hemoglobin?

Answer 33

decreased, more O2 is released and represents and increase in metabolic activity

Question 34

2,3-BPG shifts saturation curve to the _____

Answer 34

right (chronic hypoxia increased RBC production of 2,3-BPG)

Question 35

true or false, fetal hemoglobin grabs O2 and holds onto it easier

Answer 35

true

Question 36

carbon dioxide is transported in these 3 ways

Answer 36

- dissolved in plasma (7%) - bound to hemoglobin (23%) - converted to HCO3 (70%)

Question 37

neural networks in the brain stem behave like a _______

Answer 37

central pattern generator

Question 38

respiratory neurons in the ________ control inspiratory and expiratory muscles

Answer 38

medulla

Question 39

neurons in the ___ integrate sensory info and interact with medullary neurons to influence ______

Answer 39

pons, ventilation

Question 40

rhythmic pattern of breathing arises from a neural network of _________

Answer 40

spontaneously dischargin neurons

Question 41

t or f? ventilation is subject to continuous modulation by chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor linked reflexes and higher brain centers

Answer 41

true

Question 42

What are the 3 groups of neurons in the medulla that control breathing?

Answer 42

- dorsal respiratory group - pontine respiratory group - ventral respiratory group

Question 43

dorsal respiratory group is located in the _______ and controls _______

Answer 43

Nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS), muscles of inspiration (diaphragm)

Question 44

pontine respiratory group is the...

Answer 44

integrating center for sensory afferents

Question 45

ventral respiratory group (VRG) is important for

Answer 45

basic pacemaker activity, active expiration and greater than normal inspiration

Question 46

medullary chemoreceptors monitor

Answer 46

co2

Question 47

peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the __________, use specialized ______ cells. O2 must fall below _____ to trigger reflex

Answer 47

carotid bodies glomus 60 mmhg

Question 48

decreased po2, increased hydrogen ions and increased pco2 initiates ___ in ventilation

Answer 48

increase

Question 49

central chemoreceptors are located in ______, respond to changes in _________ by detecting

Answer 49

CNS/medulla PCO2 hydrogen ion concentration

Question 50

central chemoreceptors monitor CO2 in the

Answer 50

CSF

Question 51

hering - breuer inflation reflex

Answer 51

stops you from breathing in so much that you pop your lungs

Question 52

t or f, limbic system can affect breath rate and depth

Answer 52

true (emotion)

Question 53

t or f, you cannot override chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 53

true