Exam Two - endocrine three Flashcards
1
Q
diabetes mellitus
A
chronic condition with no cure resulting in elevated blood glucose levels
2
Q
type one
A
autoimmune reaction attaching pancreas beta cells - insulin production is impaired
3
Q
type two
A
insulin resistance at the cellular level - insulin function is impaired
4
Q
gestational diabetes
A
- 2-10% of pregnancies
- develops w.o history of diabetes
- usually goes away after birth
- increases future risk of type 2 diabetes by 50%!
- baby at increased risk to develop obesity as a child/teen and to develop type 2 diabetes later in life
5
Q
diabetes insipidus
A
- rare
- not related to mellitus
- blood sugar levels are normal
- kidneys cannot concentrate urine
- etiology: impaired vasopressin (ADH) production
6
Q
prediabetes
A
- blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for type 2 diabetes diagnoses
7
Q
t or f? prediabetes can be reversed with lifestyle changes
A
t
8
Q
A1C ranges
A
> 6.5% = diabetes
5.7-6.4 = prediabetes
<5.7% = normal
9
Q
____ of people have diabetes
A
11.3% 37.3 million people
10
Q
____ of people have prediabetes
A
29% 96 million
11
Q
t or f? diabetes is considered an age related disease
A
true
12
Q
diabetes prevalence varies with?
A
- race/ethnicity (native american, then black is most, white is least)
- socio/economic status
- education level
13
Q
type one risk factors
A
family history
age (can develop at any age, but it usually develops in children, teens, or young adults)
14
Q
type two risk factors
A
- have prediabetes
- overweight
- over 45 years old
- family history
- physically active less than 3x a week
- history of gestational diabetes
- high risk in specific ethnic groups
- non-alcoholic fatty liver
15
Q
how to prevent type 2 diabetes?
A
weight loss, heathy diet, exercise, quit smoking
16
Q
what are two categories of diabetes complications?
A
- comorbidities
- complications
17
Q
comorbidities definition
A
coexisting health condition
18
Q
examples of diabetes comorbidities
A
- CVD
- obesity
- metabolic disease
19
Q
complications definition
A
disease caused by primary disease
20
Q
complications of diabetes
A
- diabetic neuropathy
- diabetic nephropathy
- diabetic retinopathy
21
Q
diabetic retinopathy
A
- excess glucose clogs capillaries in eyes, causes edema, damages retina
- a leading cause of blindness
22
Q
diabetic nephropathy
A
- kidney disease
- leading causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease
(issue with blood vessels because excess glucose in blood)
23
Q
diabetic neuropathy
A
nerve damage, often in extremities
24
Q
diabetes symptoms
A
- feeling more thirsty than usual
- urinating often
- losing weight without trying
- presence of ketones in urine
- feeling tired and weak
- feeling irritable or having other mood changes
- blurry vision
- slow-healing sores
- high frequency of infections
25
types one diabetes diagnoses
- often start suddenly and are often the reason for checking blood sugar levels
26
ADA screening guidelines for diabetes
- bmi>25 (>23 for asians)
- age> 35
- women who had gestational diabetes
- diagnosed with prediabetes
- HIV+
27
What are different diagnostic tests for type one and two?
- A1C test (>6.5 diabetes, <5.7 normal)
- random blood sugar test (no matter fasting state, blood sugar above 200 suggests diabetes)
- fasting blood sugar test
- glucose tolerance test
28
fasting blood sugar test
- overnight fast
<100 normal
100-125 prediabetes
>126 2x tests is diabetes
29
glucose tolerance test
- GOLD STANDARD
- overnight fast, then drink sugary beverage
- blood sugar tested regularly for 2 hours
after 2 hrs:
<140 normal
141-199 prediabetes
> 200 dibetes
30
type one tests
- ketone abundance in blood
- autoantibody tests
31
autoimmune disease?
type one
32
in type one, immune system destroyes
beta cells
33
with no ______ in blood stream, _______ is left to build up in damaging numbers
insulin, glucose
34
no _______, equals no glucose in cells which means death
insulin
35
type _____ diabetics have to constantly measure their blood glucose and inject the right amount of insulin
one
36
insulin pump
- type one
- constantly measures blood glucose and automatically puts the right amount of insulin into the body
37
insulin resistance
type two
38
in type two cells gradually become insulin
resistant
39
insulin is _______ but cells (do/do not) respond
present, do not
40
exact cause of type two is unknown. t or f?
true
41
What are strong life style links to diabetes?
- excess body fat around the waist
- inactivity
- poor dietary habits
42
type two is a _________ and can take years, often without symptoms to develop into type 2 diabetes
gradual process
- starts with insulin resistance and over time can move on to insulin dependance as the beta-cells :burn out" and reduce or eliminate insulin production
43
insulin secreting pathway with low levels of glucose in blood
1 - low glucose in blood
2 - metabolism slows
3 - ATP decreases
4 - Katp channels open adn K leaks out of cell
5 - cell at resting membrane potential. no insulin is released (coltage gated ca channel stays closed)
44
insulin secreting pathway for high blood glucose
1 - high levels of glucose in blood
2 - metabolism increases
3 - atp increases
4 - Katp channels close
5 - cell depolarizes and ca channels open
6 - ca entry acts as an intracellular signal
7 - ca signal triggeres exocystosis and insulin is secreted
45
diabetes complications
- CVD
- atherosclerosis
- hypertension
- peripheral neuropathies
- other nerve damage
- kidney disease
- retinopathy and eye damage
- skin conditions
- slow healing and foot ulcers
- amputations
- hearing impairement
- sleep apnea
- dementia
46
treatment for all types of diabetes
- healthy eating
- physical activity
- quit smoking
47
treatment for type one diabetes
- insulin injections
- insulin pump
- frequent blood sugar checks
- carb counting
- pancreas transplant or islet cell transplant
48
treatment for type two diabetes
- mostly lifestyle changes
- monitoring blood sugar
- oral diabetes drugs, insulin, or both
