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PathoPhysiology > Exam Three - Muscle 1& 2 > Flashcards

Exam Three - Muscle 1& 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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2
Q

Which type of muscle has striations?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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3
Q

which type of muscle has no striations

A

smooth

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4
Q

What makes cardiac muscle unique?

A
  • involuntary control
  • contractions produce pumping of heart chambers
  • cardiomyocytes joined by intercalated disks
  • single or double nuclei
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5
Q

intercalated disks are held together by?

A

desmosomes

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6
Q

What makes smooth muscle unique?

A
  • involuntary control
  • contractions produce constriction
  • organized in multidirectional contractile units
  • single nucleus
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7
Q

What are the different fiber types of skeletal muscle?

A
  • type 1
  • type 2 (a,x,b)
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8
Q

Fibers are made of?

A

myofibrils

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9
Q

myofibrils are organized by?

A

sarcomeres

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10
Q

Give an example of antagonistic muscles

A

flexors and extensors

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11
Q

What type of fibers are used for aerobic activity?

A

type 1

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12
Q

What are examples of type 2 B fibers?

A

humans have very few and they are in the eyes and muscles of mastication

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13
Q

What type of fibers do power lifters probably have a lot of?

A

Type 2 x

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14
Q

What makes up a triad?

A
  • continuous with sarcolemma
  • made of T-tubule and 2 flanking terminal cisternae
  • allows for AP to penetrate deeper into the internal structure of the fiber
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15
Q

Myofibrils are the ______ of the muscle

A

contractile structure

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16
Q

thin filament is?

A

actin

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17
Q

thick filament is?

A

myosin

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18
Q

What are the regulatory proteins of myofibrils

A

tropomyosin
troponin

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19
Q

What are the accessory proteins in a myofibril

A

titin
nebulin

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20
Q

A sarcomere is defined as…

A

the space between 2 z lines

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21
Q

The H zone contains only…

A

thick filaments

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22
Q

The A band contains…

A

thick and thin filaments and is in the center of the sarcomere

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23
Q

The I band contains…

A

the z line, made of only thin filaments

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24
Q

The z line is made of…

A

thin filaments

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25
Q

The m line is made of…

A

thick filaments

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26
Q

Which protein is the largest known protein?

A

titin

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27
Q

which protein acts as a structural support and molecular spring to the myofibril

A

titin

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28
Q

which protein provides passive tension to the myofibril

A

titin

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29
Q

which protein is located in the thin filaments and binds actin?

A

nebulin

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30
Q

which protein acts as a molecular ruler for thin filament assembly

A

nebulin

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31
Q

What structure stores calcium?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

What is the second messenger that starts the excitation contraction coupling process?

A

Ca+

33
Q

Ca+ binds to…

A

troponinC

34
Q

contraction step one

A

tight binding in the rigor state. The crossbridge is at a 45 degree angle relative to the filaments

35
Q

contraction step two

A

ATP binds to nucleotide-binding site on myosin. myosin then dissasociates from actin

36
Q

contraction step three

A

the ATPase activity of myosin hydrolyzes the ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. both products remain bound to myosin

37
Q

contraction step four

A

the myosin head swings over and binds weakly to a new actin molecule. the cross bridge is now at 90 degrees relative to the filaments

38
Q

contraction step five

A

release of P initiates the power stroke. in the power stroke the myosin head rotates on its hinge, pushing the associated actin filament past it

39
Q

contraction step six

A

at the end of the power stroke, the myosin head releases the ADP and resumes the tightly bound rigor state

40
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle contraction

A
  • isometric
  • isotonic
  • isokinetic
41
Q

isometric

A

constant length

42
Q

isotonic meaning

A

constant tension

43
Q

isotonic 2 types

A

concentric - shortening
eccentric - lengthening

44
Q

isokinetic

A

constant velocity

45
Q

force-velocity curve

A

you have the max force when velocity is zero

46
Q

no velocity

A
  • isometric
  • force = Po
47
Q

positive velocity

A
  • concentric force
  • force < Po
48
Q

negative velocity

A
  • eccentric force
  • force > Po
49
Q

effects of strength training on force-velocity curve

A

Vmax is not changing but the force is changing

50
Q

strength of muscle contraction depends on…

A
  • size of muscle
  • number and size of motor units recruited
  • number and size of fibers within the motor unit
  • total amount of contractile protein
  • amount of force per individual actin-myosin (crossbridge) interaction
  • fraction of crossbridges bound and producing force
51
Q

motor unit =

A

one motor neuron and all the fibers innervated by that neuron

52
Q

one AP induces ____ fibers within that motor unit to contract

A

all

53
Q

all fibers within that motor unit are the _________

A

same type

54
Q

smaller motor units are for…

A

fine motor skills and are low force contractions

55
Q

larger motor units are for more….

A

crude, gross movements, high force

56
Q

motor units are activated via the…

A

size principle

57
Q

size principle

A

small units are recruited first, then larger ones

58
Q

which fiber type will be recruited first according to the size principle?

A
  1. slow type 1
  2. fast fatigue resistant type 2a
  3. fast fatiguable type 2x and 2b
59
Q

is there is not enough thick and thin filament overlap what will happen to muscle contraction?

A

there wont be a lot of force because the sarcomere is too stretched out

60
Q

length - tension curve

A

lose ability to generate force when too stretched or compressed

61
Q

power =

A

force x velocity

62
Q

what is passive tension

A

relaxed muscle is elastic, force is required to stretch it

63
Q

what contributes to passive tension?

A

connective tissue
titin (elasticity)

64
Q

What are some calcium handling mechanisms

A
  • twitch process
  • ryanodine
  • dihydropyridine
  • SERCA
65
Q

dihydropyridine

A

located in sarcolema
voltage gated Ca+ channel

66
Q

ryanodine

A

connects to dihydropyridine and releases Ca+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

67
Q

SERCA

A

reuptakes Ca+ to sarcoplasmic reticulum and helps to maintain concentration gradient

68
Q

force parameter

A

peak twitch tension (Pt)

69
Q

velocity parameters

A
  • contraction time (CT)
  • relaxation time (RT)
  • one-half relaxation time (1/2 RT)
70
Q

fusion of twitches to make ______-

A

tetanus

71
Q

single stimulus

A

Ca+ rises to near saturating levels, but since contraction is slow, force does not reach maximal

72
Q

multiple stimuli

A

calcium stays high long enough for force to reach maximal

73
Q

what ca+ release systems are responsible for actomyosin contraction

A
  • excitation contraction coupling
  • DHPR
    -RYR
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • calsequestrin (holds Ca+)
74
Q

What is the main Ca removal system we need to know?

A
  • SERCA
75
Q

explain SERCA methods

A
  • 2 Ca+ ions into the SR for each ATP hydrolyzed
  • uses 20% of ATP in muscle
76
Q

control mechanisms of SERCA

A
  • sarcolipin (SLN)
  • phospholamban (PLN)
  • myoregulin (MLN)
77
Q

why can SERCA be modulated?

A

you can stop Ca+ from moving into the SR but SERCA can still use ATP up because the by product is heat. Shivering to stay warm is example of why our body does this

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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