Exam One - 1.2 Biochemistry 101

Question 1

What are the primary elements of life?

Answer 1

CHON

Question 2

Which CHON element is the human body most abundant in?

Answer 2

Hydrogen

Question 3

Which CHON element is the earth most abundant in?

Answer 3

Oxygen

Question 4

Which CHON element is not in everything?

Answer 4

Nitrogen

Question 5

Molar solution

Answer 5

one mole of substance/ one liter of solution

Question 6

isotope

Answer 6

same element, different weight

Question 7

ion

Answer 7

same element, different charge

Question 8

atomic number

Answer 8

how many protons in an element

Question 9

atomic weight

Answer 9

protons + neutrons

Question 10

cations

Answer 10

positively charged
lost electrons

Question 11

anions

Answer 11

negatively charged
gained electrons

Question 12

What are the four major biological roles of electrons?

Answer 12

1 - covalent bonds (share)
2 - ions: opposites attract
3 - high-energy electrons: electrons with excess captured energy
4 - free radicals: unpaired electrons, can damage other biological molecules

Question 13

ionic bond

Answer 13

gains or loses an electron, but does not share
opposite charges attract

Question 14

functional groups

Answer 14

combo of elements that frequently occur in biological molecules
move between molecules as a single unit

Question 15

hydrogen bond

Answer 15

weak bond
H must bind with a N,O, or F
cause of water surface tension

Question 16

van der waals forces

Answer 16

weak and nonspecific
results from temporary formations of dipoles

Question 17

hydrophilic

Answer 17

like water (have dipole moments)

Question 18

hydrophobic

Answer 18

scared of water
lipids have no dipole moments

Question 19

solute

Answer 19

any substance that dissolves in a liquid

Question 20

solvent

Answer 20

the liquid in which a solute dissolves

Question 21

what is the universal solvent?

Answer 21

water

Question 22

solution

Answer 22

combination of solutes dissolved in water

Question 23

Concentration = ?

Answer 23

solute amount/volume of solution

Question 24

What are the building blocks of the cell?

Answer 24

sugar
fatty acids
amino acids
nucleotides

Question 25

what are the larger units of the cell?

Answer 25

polysaccharides fats/lipids/membranes proteins nucleic acids

Question 26

What are the three types of carbs?

Answer 26

monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide

Question 27

What are the two kinds of monosaccharides?

Answer 27

five-carbon sugar six-carbon sugar

Question 28

What are the two five-carbon sugars?

Answer 28

ribose and deoxyribose

Question 29

What are the three kinds of sex-carbon sugars?

Answer 29

fructose glucose and galactose

Question 30

What are three kinds of disaccharides?

Answer 30

sucrose maltose and lactose

Question 31

What makes up sucrose?

Answer 31

glucose and fructose

Question 32

What makes up maltose?

Answer 32

glucose and glucose

Question 33

What makes up lactose?

Answer 33

glucose and galactose

Question 34

What polysaccharide do humans use?

Answer 34

glycogen

Question 35

What are different kinds of lipids?

Answer 35

saturated fatty acids monounsaturated fatty acids polyunsaturated fatty acids cholesterol steroids membranes

Question 36

What are fats?

Answer 36

fatty acids linked with a glycerol

Question 37

What are the basic components of a phospholipid?

Answer 37

choline and phosphate and glycerol make the hydrophilic head one saturated and one unsaturated lipid chain makes the hydrophobic tail

Question 38

What are the nucleotides for RNA?

Answer 38

uracil and cytosine adenine and guanine

Question 39

What are the nucleotides for DNA

Answer 39

thymine and cytosine adenine and guanine

Question 40

What are the three basic components to make a nucleotide?

Answer 40

nitrogenous base five carbon sugar one phosphate

Question 41

What are the two purines?

Answer 41

adenine and guanine

Question 42

What are the three pyramidines?

Answer 42

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Question 43

What is the product of transcription?

Answer 43

mRNA

Question 44

What is the product of translation?

Answer 44

Proteins

Question 45

What is the basic building block of proteins?

Answer 45

Amino acids

Question 46

What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

Answer 46

essential AA you must get from your diet, the body can manufacture non-essential AA

Question 47

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 47

primary: AA peptide chain secondary: alpha helix or beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding tertiary: three dimensional folding quaternary: more than one peptide chain

Question 48

What are polymers?

Answer 48

biomolecules made of repeating units

Question 49

What is an example of a polymer?

Answer 49

glycogen is a polymer of glucose

Question 50

True or False? Protein-binding reactions are reversible

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Affinity

Answer 51

degree to which a protein is attached to a ligand

Question 52

Equilibrium

Answer 52

the rate of binding is exactly equal to the rate of unbinding

Question 53

Agonist

Answer 53

competing ligands that mimic each others actions

Question 54

Antagonist

Answer 54

competing ligand that blocks the action of another

Question 55

proteolytic activation

Answer 55

protein does not function correctly until peptide fragments are removed

Question 56

Cofactor activation

Answer 56

must have a cofactor bind to an inactive protein to make it active (so the ligand can then attach)

Question 57

Allosteric activator

Answer 57

binds to inactive protein on opposite side of the binding site in order to change protein shape and make it active

Question 58

Competitive inhibition

Answer 58

binds to site so that the true ligand cannot and makes protein inactive

Question 59

allosteric inhibition

Answer 59

binds to active protein on opposite side of the binding site in order to change protein shape and make it inactive again

Question 60

What are some factors that could affect protein binding?

Answer 60

temperature, pH, amount of protein in cells, reaction rate

Question 61

When is the maximum reaction rate reached?

Answer 61

When the protein is saturated