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PathoPhysiology > Exam Five - Digestive System One > Flashcards

Exam Five - Digestive System One Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: digestion is one of the organ systems

A

true

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2
Q

what structures make up the oral cavity

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
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3
Q

what structures make up the GI tract?

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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4
Q

the GI tract is divided by ________

A

sphincters

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5
Q

where are the two exceptions of autonomic control in the GI tract?

A

anal sphincter
upper esophagus

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6
Q

T or F: the digestive lumen is external to the body

A

true!

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7
Q

what are some accessory glandular organs of the digestive tract

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver

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8
Q

the stomach produces _____-

A

chyme

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9
Q

products of digestion are absorbed ___________- and ___________

A

across epithelium into interstitial fluid
from interstitial fluid to blood/lymph

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10
Q

digestive system is home to ______

A

microbiome

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11
Q

describe the digestive system path from mouth to anus

A

chewing & salivary glands in mouth, esophagus (bolus), lower esophageal sphincter, stomach (chyme), pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, anus (exits as feces)

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12
Q

how does the liver help with digestion

A

produce enzymes to help with digestion

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13
Q

how does the pancreas help with digestion

A
  • endocrine and exocrine function
  • releases bicarbonate buffer to neutralize acid escaped by stomach
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14
Q

most of the GI tract is controlled by _______ muscle

A

smooth

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15
Q

what are some modifications in the GI system that are used in increase surface area?

A
  • rugae (in stomach)
  • plicae (in small intestine)
  • villi
  • gastric glands, crypts, and submucosal glands
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16
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract from the lumen outwards?

A

lumen
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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17
Q

whats important to know about the mucosal layer

A

1 - epithelium
2 - lamina propria
3 - muscularis mucosa (move villi)

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18
Q

where are peyer’s patches

A

mucosal layer with lamina propria
associated with GALT (immune function)

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19
Q

what should you know about the submucosal layer

A

contained submucosa plexus of the enteric nervous system

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20
Q

what should you know about the muscularis externa layer

A

contains myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system
(stomach has 3 layers of muscle, intestines only 2)

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21
Q

what should you know about the serosa layer

A

outer covering of the digestive tract, helps keep intestines in place

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22
Q

what are the four basic processes of the digestive system

A

1 - digestion
2 - absorption
3 - secretion
4 - motility

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23
Q

what are the 3 challenges for the digestive system

A

1 - avoiding autodigestion
2 - mass balance
3 - defense

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24
Q

secretion

A

movement of material from cells into lumen or ECF

25
Q

digestion

A

chemical/mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units

26
Q

absorption

A

movement of material from GI lumen to ECF

27
Q

motility

A

movement of material through the GI tract resulting from muscle contraction

28
Q

T or F: we secrete a lot of fluid

A

false, we keep most of it

29
Q

mucins are produced by:

A

mucous cells, serous cells, and goblet cells

30
Q

________ receptor regulates fluid secretion

A

Guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C)
- bacteria overactivate receptor and cause diarrhea
- agonist to treat constipation

31
Q

peristalsis

A

moving food through the tract

32
Q

segmentation

A

mechanically mixing food to break it into uniformly small particles

33
Q

T or F: segmentation is the same thing as persitalsis

A

lol false

34
Q

tonic contractions last:

A

minutes or hours (long time)

35
Q

phasic contractions last:

A

seconds

36
Q

where do slow-wave potentials (peristalsis) originate from

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

37
Q

contractions occur in 3 patters:

A

1 - migrating motor complex
2 - peristalsis
3 - segmentation

38
Q

GI motility can have ____ contractions connected by ________

A

graded
gap junctions

39
Q

enteric nervous system can act ________-

A

independently

40
Q

________ nervous system controls motility, secretion and growth of the digestive system

A

enteric

41
Q

what are some enteric NS features that are shared with CNS?

A

1 - intrinsic neurons
2 - NT and neuromodulators
3 - glial support cells
4 - diffusion barrier
5 - integrating center

42
Q

short reflexes integrate in the _____-

A

ENS

43
Q

long reflexes integrate in the _______

A

CNS

44
Q

cephalic reflexes originate_____

A

outside the digestive system

45
Q

what hormones are in the gastrin family? Other category?

A

gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
(other = motilin)

46
Q

what hormones are in the secretin family

A

secretin
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
GIP
GLP-1

47
Q

gastrin

A

comes from G cell in stomach
- stimulates gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth

48
Q

Secretin

A

(in intestines)
- stimulates HCO3 secretion from pancreas
- inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

49
Q

CCK

A

(in intestines)
signal that food is coming also promotes satiety

50
Q

Motilin

A

(in intestines)
stimulates migrating motor complex when we haven’t eaten for a while

51
Q

GIP

A

(intestines)
- stimulates insulin release from pancreas beta cells (feedforward mechanism)
- inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

52
Q

GLP-1

A

(in intestines)
- stimulates insulin release
- inhibits glucagon and gastric function
- big satiety promoter

53
Q

What initiates cephalic phase?

A

anticipation of or presence of food in oral cavity activates neurons in the medulla

54
Q

what are the 4 functions of salivary secretions

A

1 - soften and lubricate food
2 - digestion of starch (amalase)
3 - taste
4 - defense

55
Q

mechanical digestion begins with ________-

A

chewing (mastication)

56
Q

saliva is an ____________ function and under ________- control

A

exocrine
autonomic

57
Q

what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

58
Q

what happens to the epiglottis when you swallow?

A

it closes and temporarily halts breathing

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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