Exam Five - Digestive System One

Question 1

T or F: digestion is one of the organ systems

Answer 1

true

Question 2

what structures make up the oral cavity

Answer 2

• mouth
• pharynx

Question 3

what structures make up the GI tract?

Answer 3

• esophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine

Question 4

the GI tract is divided by ________

Answer 4

sphincters

Question 5

where are the two exceptions of autonomic control in the GI tract?

Answer 5

anal sphincter
upper esophagus

Question 6

T or F: the digestive lumen is external to the body

Answer 6

true!

Question 7

what are some accessory glandular organs of the digestive tract

Answer 7

salivary glands
pancreas
liver

Question 8

the stomach produces _____-

Answer 8

chyme

Question 9

products of digestion are absorbed ___________- and ___________

Answer 9

across epithelium into interstitial fluid
from interstitial fluid to blood/lymph

Question 10

digestive system is home to ______

Answer 10

microbiome

Question 11

describe the digestive system path from mouth to anus

Answer 11

chewing & salivary glands in mouth, esophagus (bolus), lower esophageal sphincter, stomach (chyme), pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, anus (exits as feces)

Question 12

how does the liver help with digestion

Answer 12

produce enzymes to help with digestion

Question 13

how does the pancreas help with digestion

Answer 13

• endocrine and exocrine function
• releases bicarbonate buffer to neutralize acid escaped by stomach

Question 14

most of the GI tract is controlled by _______ muscle

Answer 14

smooth

Question 15

what are some modifications in the GI system that are used in increase surface area?

Answer 15

• rugae (in stomach)
• plicae (in small intestine)
• villi
• gastric glands, crypts, and submucosal glands

Question 16

What are the layers of the digestive tract from the lumen outwards?

Answer 16

lumen
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

Question 17

whats important to know about the mucosal layer

Answer 17

1 - epithelium
2 - lamina propria
3 - muscularis mucosa (move villi)

Question 18

where are peyer’s patches

Answer 18

mucosal layer with lamina propria
associated with GALT (immune function)

Question 19

what should you know about the submucosal layer

Answer 19

contained submucosa plexus of the enteric nervous system

Question 20

what should you know about the muscularis externa layer

Answer 20

contains myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system
(stomach has 3 layers of muscle, intestines only 2)

Question 21

what should you know about the serosa layer

Answer 21

outer covering of the digestive tract, helps keep intestines in place

Question 22

what are the four basic processes of the digestive system

Answer 22

1 - digestion
2 - absorption
3 - secretion
4 - motility

Question 23

what are the 3 challenges for the digestive system

Answer 23

1 - avoiding autodigestion
2 - mass balance
3 - defense

Question 24

secretion

Answer 24

movement of material from cells into lumen or ECF

Question 25

digestion

Answer 25

chemical/mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units

Question 26

absorption

Answer 26

movement of material from GI lumen to ECF

Question 27

motility

Answer 27

movement of material through the GI tract resulting from muscle contraction

Question 28

T or F: we secrete a lot of fluid

Answer 28

false, we keep most of it

Question 29

mucins are produced by:

Answer 29

mucous cells, serous cells, and goblet cells

Question 30

________ receptor regulates fluid secretion

Answer 30

Guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) - bacteria overactivate receptor and cause diarrhea - agonist to treat constipation

Question 31

peristalsis

Answer 31

moving food through the tract

Question 32

segmentation

Answer 32

mechanically mixing food to break it into uniformly small particles

Question 33

T or F: segmentation is the same thing as persitalsis

Answer 33

lol false

Question 34

tonic contractions last:

Answer 34

minutes or hours (long time)

Question 35

phasic contractions last:

Answer 35

seconds

Question 36

where do slow-wave potentials (peristalsis) originate from

Answer 36

interstitial cells of Cajal

Question 37

contractions occur in 3 patters:

Answer 37

1 - migrating motor complex 2 - peristalsis 3 - segmentation

Question 38

GI motility can have ____ contractions connected by ________

Answer 38

graded gap junctions

Question 39

enteric nervous system can act ________-

Answer 39

independently

Question 40

________ nervous system controls motility, secretion and growth of the digestive system

Answer 40

enteric

Question 41

what are some enteric NS features that are shared with CNS?

Answer 41

1 - intrinsic neurons 2 - NT and neuromodulators 3 - glial support cells 4 - diffusion barrier 5 - integrating center

Question 42

short reflexes integrate in the _____-

Answer 42

ENS

Question 43

long reflexes integrate in the _______

Answer 43

CNS

Question 44

cephalic reflexes originate_____

Answer 44

outside the digestive system

Question 45

what hormones are in the gastrin family? Other category?

Answer 45

gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) (other = motilin)

Question 46

what hormones are in the secretin family

Answer 46

secretin vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) GIP GLP-1

Question 47

gastrin

Answer 47

comes from G cell in stomach - stimulates gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth

Question 48

Secretin

Answer 48

(in intestines) - stimulates HCO3 secretion from pancreas - inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

Question 49

CCK

Answer 49

(in intestines) signal that food is coming also promotes satiety

Question 50

Motilin

Answer 50

(in intestines) stimulates migrating motor complex when we haven't eaten for a while

Question 51

GIP

Answer 51

(intestines) - stimulates insulin release from pancreas beta cells (feedforward mechanism) - inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

Question 52

GLP-1

Answer 52

(in intestines) - stimulates insulin release - inhibits glucagon and gastric function - big satiety promoter

Question 53

What initiates cephalic phase?

Answer 53

anticipation of or presence of food in oral cavity activates neurons in the medulla

Question 54

what are the 4 functions of salivary secretions

Answer 54

1 - soften and lubricate food 2 - digestion of starch (amalase) 3 - taste 4 - defense

Question 55

mechanical digestion begins with ________-

Answer 55

chewing (mastication)

Question 56

saliva is an ____________ function and under ________- control

Answer 56

exocrine autonomic

Question 57

what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands

Answer 57

parotid sublingual submandibular

Question 58

what happens to the epiglottis when you swallow?

Answer 58

it closes and temporarily halts breathing