Exam Study Guide Flashcards by madison Bronder

Its the study of internal and external structures of organisms and the relationship of its parts -

Anatomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the study of the functions of organisms and parts -

Physiology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Negative feedback loops opposes change to ……

Return to normal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Negative or Posiitive feedback loop ?

Increasing breathing to replace oxygen

Negative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Positive feedback loop …….. amplifies change to …….

Temporarily

Return to normal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An example of a positive feedback loop is …..

Child birth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Positive and negative loops both ….

Bring back to normal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Negative and positive feedback loops have ……

3 basic components

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart in reference to the mouth -

Inferior - lateral -deep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Kidney in reference to the urinary bladder -

Superior - posterior - lateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Axillary -

On armpit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brachial -

On arm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Femoral -

On thigh

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gluteal -

On trunk

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Patellar -

On knee

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Popliteal -

Behind the knee

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thoracic -

On the chest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Another name for posterior -

Dorsal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Another name for anterior -

Ventral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To the front -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To the back -

Posterior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To the side -

Lateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To the fingers -

Distal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To the shoulder -

Proximal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 basic components of feedback loops -

Sensor Control Effectors

It detects change in specific element and signals control -

Sensor

It sends signals to the effectors (integrator) -

Control

It responds to integrator -

Effectors

Which feedback loop is most common in the human body -

Negative feedback loop

Anatomical position -

Standing arms at side, palms forward

Supine position -

Patient is on back

Prone position -

Patient is on tummy

S R L I Label -

Superior Right. Left Inferior

Bilateral symmetry -

Right & left sides are mirror images

Ipsilateral -

Same side

Contralateral -

Opposite side

Deep -

Away from surface

Where is the spleen in reference to the stomach -

Posterior

Where is the shoulder blade in reference to the urinary bladder -

Superior, lateral, posterior

Sagittal -

Gives Right and LEft sides

Midsaggital -

Gives equal halves

Frontal -

Gives front and back

Transverse. -

Gives up and down

4 planes and secs. -

Sagittal Midsaggital Frontal Transverse

Appendicular region -

Arms and legs

Axial region -

Head, neck, torso

Axial region contain two major cavities -

Ventral, dorsal

What are the two major cavities -

Ventral | Dorsal

2 parts of the ventral cavities -

Thoracic cavity | Abdominopelvic

Means chest ; lungs -

Thoracic cavity

A muscle that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity -

Diaphragm

2 types in the dorsal cavity -

Cranial | Spinal

Liver Gallbladder Right kidney Part of large intestine Are all in which quadrant?

RUQ

Appendix, right ovary Right ureter Are all in which quadrant?

RLQ

``` Stomach Spleen Pancreas Left kidney Part of large intestine ``` Are all in which quadrant?

LUQ

Left ovary Left ureter Are all in which quadrant?

LLQ

Its the sum total of an organisms chemical reactions, including ones that build and ones that break down -

Metabolism

-used to make body structures, larger molecules

Dehydration synthesis

Basically, water is eliminated (.......) each time we join atoms together (......)

Dehydration | Synthesis

Building reactions =

Dehydration synthesis

Breaking down reactions -

Hydrolysis

- used to break down molecules into usable molecules | - frequently enzymes are needed

Hydrolysis

Dehydration of hydrolysis? A and B come from the digestion in your food. Enzymes are used to bind them together. AB

Dehydration

Hydrolysis or dehydration? When you digest, you must break molecules down into sizes that can be absorbed -

Hydrolysis

Metabolism speed: | Fast -

Effiecent chemistry | Burn calories

MEtabolism speed: | Slow -

Inefficient chemistry | Store calories instead burning them (putting on weight)

Substance in which other substances dissolve water -

Solvent

Substacne that is dissolves -

Solute

function of phospholipids -

Phospholipid bilayer cell membrane

Structure of phospholipids -

Hydrophobic & hydrophilic

Means water fearing -

Hydrophobic

Means water liking -

Hydrophilic

Means no double bonds in fat acid chain -

Saturated fats

Means contains one or more double bonds in FA chain -

Unsaturated fat

Sources of saturated fats -

Animal fat

Sources of unsaturated fats -

Vegetable oils

At room temp. Saturated fats are ....

Solids

At room temp. Unsaturated fats are ...

Liquids

Types of fats -

Triglycerides Saturated Unsaturated

Glycerol + 3fatty acid chains -

Triglycerides

Function of triglycerides -

Store energy | Insulate & padding

Molecules spread from an area of high concetration to an area of low concentration -

Simple diffusion

a high to low concentration, but a helper protein must be used -

Facilitated diffusion

Process where diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane -

Osmosis

Simple diffusion follows .....

Concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion is against .....

Concentration gradient

Osmosis follows ....

Concentration gradient

This solution has the same amount of dissolved, stuff surrounds -

Isotonic

This solution has more stuff dissolves, surrounds the cell -

Hypertonic

This solution has less stuff dissolved, surrounds cell -

Hypotonic

What happens to the cell in this solution - | Isotonic -

The cell stays the same

What happens to the cell in this solution - | Hypertonic-

Cell shrinks

What happens to the cell in this solution - | Hypotonic -

The cell sweells, may burst too

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis | Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic

Passive transport

Endocytosis, Exocytosis -

Active Transport

How cells bring large molecules & particles into itself. - plasma membrane curves in toward the cell - pinches off forming a vessicle bringing fluids/particles -

Endocytosis

Examples of endocytosis -

Phagocytosis | Pinocytosis

Endocytosis follows .....

Concentration gradient

Hoe cells push particles out of itself. - large particles leave the cell - vessicle forms which fuses plasma membrane & releases stuff

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is against .....

Concentration gradient

They resemble the tissue they came from - grow very slow - do not spread - usually not life threatening

Benign

They do not resemble parent tissue - have irregular structures - another word for cancer - they break through basement membranes - grow quickly - tend to spread

Maliganant

Its abnormal growths of cells that can be benign or malignant -a disease of the cell cycle where cells divide in excess

Tumor

Streaming leads to tumors beyond the original site. This is called....

Metastasis

Its where secrete chemical signal that causes blood vessels to grow to tumor -

Angiogenesis

Normal cells exhibit this where they stop growing when they come in contact w/ another cell -

Contact inhibition

function of membrane proteins -

Serve as well-guarded gateway which allows certain things in and out

3 cell connectors -

Desmosomes Gap junctions Tight junctions

They are "spot welds" that hold adjacent cells together - | Found in skin

Desmosomes

They are channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere here | -found in the heart

Gap junctions

Where plasma membrane proteins fuse w/ similar proteins in neighboring cells forming an impermeable tight sheet Found in intestines -

Tight junctions

Epithelial tissue function-

it covers the body - lines various parts - glands secrete substances

Characeristices of epithelial tissues -

- Cells tightly packed together - contain no blood vessels - reproduce constantly (prone to cancer)

4 types of cells -

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Pseudostratified columnar

They are big, flat slippery cells | -look like fried eggs

Squamous

They are shaped like a box or cube - has lots of cytoplasm - they make stuff

Cuboidal

They are tall like a column or pillar - lots of surface area - absorbs

Columnar

They are oddly shaped columnar -

Pseudostratified columnar

Most numerous and diverse group

Connective tissue

Function of connective tissue -

- connects other tissues and organs/forms supporting framework - transport substances/defends against germs

Characteristics of connective titssues -

Cells widely spaced Has a matrix between cells Contains collagen /elastic

White bundles of protein which area tough and strong-

Collagen

Bundles of protein which are strectchy -

Elastic

Stuff between the cells

Matrix

The matrix of the Loose Areolar -

Clear, sticky hyaluronic acid

The matrix of the Bone or Osseous Tissue -

Calcium minerals

The matrix of Cartilage -

Gristle matrix w/ collagen fibers

Its one layer of flat slipper cells | -found: lining of blood vessels, alveoli of lungs

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

Many layer of flat cells - they make your cheeks feel smooth&slippery inside mouth - found: lining inside mouth,vagina, esophagus, surface of skin

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

"False layers" - it looks like more than one layer b/c the nuclei of the cells dont line up - is a cross section of a trachea

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

They usually make up glands - - cross section of a gland - these cells are secreting some fluid into the center

Simple cubodial epithelial tissue

One layer of tall cells - for absorption - found: lining the inner surface of the stomach and intestines

Simple columnar epithelial tissue

Cells freeze and die b/c the cytoplasm expands when frozen and breaks cell membranes -

Frostbite

Where the body core drops below 90 degrees unconsciousness and death can result if not warmed soon -

Hypothermia

Where body core gets over 105 degrees and cells die -

Heat stroke

Its typically a sunburn - mild discomfort - some reddening

First-degree burn

Its a burn deep epidermal and upper dermis - PAIN, blisters - damage to sweat gland, hair, sebaceous glands

Second degree burns

Its the destruction of epidermis and dermis - may involve muscle bone - no pain bc of nerve death -

Third-degree burn

Three types of skin cancer -

Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma

Its red, scaly patch nodule - most curable - slow growing

Squamous cell carcinoma

Its bleeding, crusty patch which refuses to heal -

Basal cell carcinoma

2 reasons why malignant melanoma is so deadly -

Metastasizes quickly

3 types of glands -

Sweat Sebaceous Ceruminous

Sweat glands that are numerous and widely distributed over the body -

Eccrine sweat glands

This sweat gland is found in the armpits and around the genitals

Apocrine

They are known as oil glands - produce sebum which lubricates hair and skin - prevents from skin drying/cracking

Sebaceous glands

Gland found in the ear - produce cerulean - protects skin of ear canal from dehydration

Ceruminous glands

Free nerve endings -

Pain

Meissners corpuscle -

Light touch

Krause end bulbs -

Cold

Ruffinis corpuscles -

Heat

Pacinian corpuscles -

Pressure

Root hair plexus -

Tugged on hair

Its the bone building cell (stores calcium; becomes an osteocyte) -

Osteoblast

Its the bone absorbing cells (breaking down bone & release calcium into blood vessels) -

Osteoclasts

Its a mature bone cell -

Osteocyte

This process is used in most bones 1. Cartilage is laid down but covered by fiborous periosteum 2. Collar of bone appears 3. blood vessels invade cartilage - osteoblasts deposit calcium 4. Secondary ossification centers form at each epiphysis 5. Until growth is done, the epiphysial plate remains between the epiphysis & diaphysis

Endochondrial ossification

Structure of compact bone -

Dense, hard outer layer; for strength

Means immovable | Ex. Sutures of skull -

Synarthroses

Means slightly moveable | Ex. Symphysis pubs, vertebrae bodies

Amphirarthroses

Means freely moveable (structure= synovial) | Ex. Shoulder , hip

Diarthroses

-most common form of arthritis The articulate cartilage deteriorates so no more shock absorber, and theres no cure. -pain, tenderness, swelling

Osteoarthritis

What causes osteoarthritis -

Combination of age, overweight, injury, heredity, muscle weakness

Its the destruction of synovial membrane - more common in women - joint pain and swelling / red & puffy hands - symtoms come and go

Rheumatoid arthritis

Is there a cure for rheumatoid arthritis? -

What's the cause of rheumatoid arthritis -

May be genetic, smoking, virus

Its the loss of calcified matrix causing a reduction in total bone mass -

Osteoporosis

Who are typically affected by osteoporosis -

Older women

Why are older women more likely to get osteoporosis?

Liked to decreasing amounts of estrogen as ppl age

Treatment of osteoporosis -

Involves hormone replacement therapy , increase calcium and VD

4 types of joint movements -

Angular Circular Gliding Special

They change angle between bones -

Angular movements

Decrease angle (bend) -

Flexion

Joint type ex of flexion movement -

Hinge, ball& socket

Increase angle (straighten) -

Extension

Extend beyond anatomical position -

Hyperextension

Move part away from median plane -

Abduction

Joint type example of abduction movement -

Ball and socket

Move part toward median plane -

Adduction

Result in arc-like rotation of a structure around an axis -

Circular movement

Pivoting bone on axis -

Rotation

Example of rotation movement -

Ball & socket, pivot

Distal end of a bone moves in a circular path while the proximal end remains stable (arm circles)

Circumduction

Rotation hand w palms ending downward

Pronation

Example pronation movement -

Pivot

Rotating hand w palm ending upward -

Supination

Example of supination movement -

Pivot

The simplest movements of all movements -made by flat surfaces -

Gliding movements

Example of gliding movements -

Posterior vertebrae

Moves part forward. Example is gliding -

Protraction

Moves part back - Ex. Gliding -

Retraction

Moves part up. EX. Hinge -

Elevation

Lowers a part. Ex. Hinge -

Hinge

Elevation and Depression movements -

Eating!!

Types of synovial joints - (6)

``` Hinge Pivot Ellipsoidal Saddle Ball & socket Gliding ```

Permits movement around one axial or in one plane -

Uniaxial

Permits movement around two perpendicular planes -

Biaxial

Permits movement around 3 or more planes -

Multiaxial

Allows flexion & extension (bending and straightening) - Ex. Elbows, ankles, interphalangi

Hinge

Projection of one bone pivots in arch - Ex. Radius, ulna

Pivot

Condolences fits into elliptical socket Ex. Occipital on atlas , radius on carpals

Ellipsoidal

Bones resemble reciprocally shaped mini-saddles Ex. Metacarpal 1 to carpal (thumb)

Saddle

Ball-shaped heat into socket Ex. Shoulder & hip

Ball-and-socket

Sliding between flat surfaces Ex. Sacral to coxal;

Gliding

Movements of this joint: extension & flexsion | -largest & most frequent injured joint

Knee joint

Orbiculars oculi -

Squints eye

Orbicularis oris -

Puckers lips / whistle

Zygomaticus major -

Smiling

Depressor anguli oris -

Frown

Platysma -

Open mouth by lowering jaw

Masseter -

Close mouth by elevating jaw

Sternocleidomastoid -

Nods head down (chin to chest) -

Semispinalis capitis -

Raise head up

Sliding Filament Theory A: Actin's notches are covered by ........ -myosis crossbridges are .......... -...... is in SR

Tropomyosin - hinged back - Ca++

Sliding Filament Theory B: The brain sends a ........ ACH is released and crosses ...... ACH plugs into receptor and cell ......

Message Synapse Depolarizers

Sliding Filament Theory B contiued ... The tropomyosin moves, actions notches are ..... Myosin binds to actin and a power stroke occurs and filaments slide .........

Exposed | Contraction

The Sliding Filament Theory C: ...... makes myosin release and rehinge back ...... destroys ACH and cell repolarizes Ca++ goes back to SR

ATP | ACH

The Sliding Filament Theory C continued: Tropomyosin recovers actins .... Myosin cannot .....

Notches | Rebind

The minimum level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract -

Threshold stimulus

When a threshold stimulus is applied, the muscle fiber contracts completely -

All-or- none principle

In practical application, more muscle fibers within a muscle are ...... to pick up a heavy book, than to pick up a pencil -

Simulated

Exam Study Guide Flashcards

(221 cards)