joints

Question 1

term used to describe immovable joints

Answer 1

synarthroses

Question 2

term used to describe slightly movable joints

Answer 2

Amphiarthroses

Question 3

term used to describe freely movable joints

Answer 3

diarhroses

Question 4

type of joint that allows flexion and extension

examples include elbows knees and phalange to phalange

Answer 4

Hinge

Question 5

Projection of one bone pivots in arch

examples include atlas on axis and radius and ulna

Answer 5

Pivot joint

Question 6

Condyle fits into either elliptical socket

examples include occipital on atlas and radius on carpals

Answer 6

Ellipsoidal joint

Question 7

Bones resemble reciprocally shaped mini saddles

Examples include metacarpal one to carpal (thumb)

Answer 7

saddle joint

Question 8

Ball shaped head into socket

Examples include shoulder and hip

Answer 8

ball-and-socket joint

Question 9

Sliding between flat surfaces, least movable synovial joint

Examples include sacral to coxal and between vertebrae

Answer 9

Gliding joint

Question 10

Decrease angle

joint type examples hinge, ball and socket

Answer 10

Flexion

Question 11

Increase angle

Answer 11

Extension

Question 12

Extend beyond anatomical position

Answer 12

Hyper extension

Question 13

Move part away from median plane

joint type example: ball and socket

Answer 13

Abduction

Question 14

Move part toward median plane joint type example: ball and socket

Answer 14

Adduction

Question 15

Pivoting bone on axis

joint type example: ball and socket, pivot

Answer 15

Rotation

Question 16

Distal end of a bone moves in a circular path while the proximal end remains stable(arm circles)

Answer 16

Circumduction

Question 17

Rotating hand with palms ending downward

joint type example: pivot

Answer 17

Pronation

Question 18

Rotating hands with palm ending upward

joint type example: privot

Answer 18

Supination

Question 19

Moves part forward

example: gliding

Answer 19

Protraction

Question 20

Moves parts back

example: gliding

Answer 20

Retraction

Question 21

Moves part up

example:hinge

Answer 21

Elevation

Question 22

Lowers a part

example: hinge

Answer 22

Depression

Question 23

Not a disorder but a tool to diagnose disorders, means to look within a joint, a small incision is made , a tube with a small lens in a fiber optic light source are inserted into a joint, the other and can be hooked to a TV

Answer 23

Arthroscopy

Question 24

Most common form of arthritis, articular cartilage deteriorates, no more shock absorber, no cure, progressively worsens, pain, tenderness grating, swelling, cause idiopathic, maybe combination of age, overweight, injury, heredity muscle weakness

Answer 24

Osteoarthritis

Question 25

Destruction of synovial membrane, 2 to 3 more times more common in women, joint pain and swelling, red and puffy hands, symptoms may come and go, your white blood cells attacking synovium may play a role, cause may be genetic, smoking, virus, no cure

Answer 25

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 26

Bones in joint out of proper alignment, from injury or trauma, looks out of place, extremely painful,swollen or discolored, immovable maybe damage nerves and blood vessels, immobilized and ice, doctor may have to realign

Answer 26

Dislocation

Question 27

Loss of calcified matrix causing a reduction in total bone mass, typically affects older women, linked to decreasing amounts of estrogen as people age, treatment involves hormone replacement therapy, increase calcium and vitamin D

Answer 27

Osteoporosis

Question 28

What happens to a muscle when it is at rest

Answer 28

Actin's notches are covered by tropomyosin myosin's cross bridges are hinged back calcium is in SR

Question 29

What happens to a muscle when it is at contraction

Answer 29

``` The brain sends a message ACH is released and crosses synapse ACH plugs into receptor cell depolarizes calcium leaves SR and attaches to troponin The tropomyosin moves actin's notched are exposed myosin binds to Actin and a power stroke occurs filaments slide ```

Question 30

What happens to a muscle when it is relaxed

Answer 30

ATP makes myosin release and rehinge back ACH-ase destroys ACH and cell repolarizes calcium goes back to SR tropomyosin recovers Actin's notches myosin cannot rebind

Question 31

Minimum level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract

Answer 31

Threshold stimulus

Question 32

What is it called When a threshold stimulus is applied, the muscle fiber contracts completely

Answer 32

All-or-none principle

Question 33

Muscle that helps you frown

Answer 33

Depressor anguli Oris

Question 34

Muscle that closest mouth by elevating jaw

Answer 34

Masseter

Question 35

Muscle that squints Eye

Answer 35

Obiculars oculi

Question 36

Muscle that causes you to pucker and whistle

Answer 36

Orbicularis Oris

Question 37

Muscle that Opens mouth by elevating jaw

Answer 37

Platysma

Question 38

Muscle that raises head back up

Answer 38

Semispinalis capitis

Question 39

Muscle that causes chin to nod down to chest

Answer 39

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 40

Muscle that causes smiling

Answer 40

Zygomaticus major