Explaining Phobias Behaviourist AO3

Question 1

❌ Why is the two-process model criticized for ignoring the cognitive aspects of phobias?

Answer 1

The model focuses only on behavioural aspects (classical and operant conditioning) and does not account for cognitive elements, such as irrational beliefs about the phobic stimulus (e.g., the belief that a spider is highly dangerous). This means it cannot explain why individuals with phobias often have distorted thinking patterns about the feared object or situation. Cognitive aspects are a major component of phobias and are central to successful treatment through Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).

Question 2

❌ Why is the two-process model criticized for ignoring evolutionary explanations for phobias?

Answer 2

It does not account for preparedness, a concept introduced by Seligman (1971), which suggests that humans are biologically predisposed to fear certain stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders) that were dangerous in our evolutionary past. Research shows that phobias of these stimuli are easier to acquire and are more resistant to extinction, which cannot be fully explained by learned associations alone.

Question 3

✅ How does the two-process model of phobias have strong real-life applications in therapy?

Answer 3

It forms the basis for exposure therapies like systematic desensitisation and flooding. By preventing avoidance behaviour (negative reinforcement), these therapies reduce fear over time. Research shows that these treatments are highly effective, supporting the model’s focus on avoidance behaviour as a key factor in maintaining phobias.

Question 4

✅ What strong research evidence supports the two-process model of phobias?

Answer 4

Watson and Rayner’s (1920) Little Albert experiment demonstrated how a neutral stimulus (white rat) could become a phobic stimulus through classical conditioning, and this fear was maintained through avoidance (operant conditioning). Ad De Jongh et al. (2006) also found that 73% of people with a fear of dental treatment had experienced a traumatic event, mainly related to dentistry, supporting the idea of learned associations.