Final Review - LK Flashcards

Question

2 Types of Nervous tissue?

Answer 1

1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia

Answer 2

1. Dendrites 2. Cell body 3. Axon

Answer 3

Increase nerve transmission speed

Answer 4

Form the blood brain barrier

Answer 5

1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis (dont count this one)

Answer 6

1. Keratinocytes - Protects underlying tissues from light, heat, microbes, and many chemicals 2. Melanocytes - Produces the pigment melanin 3. Langerhans Cells - bone marrow and migrate to skin surface. Interact with "helper T-cells" in immune response. 4. Merkels Cells - flattened portion of a sensory neuron to function in the sensation of touch

Answer 7

1. Composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibres which maintain strength, extensibility, and elasticity of the skin 2. Blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles are embedded in the dermis 3.Contains nerve endings that are sensitive to heat and cold

Answer 8

1.Subcutaneous layer 2.Not a true skin layer 3.Connects underlying muscle and bone to skin 4.Nerve endings run through this layer into dermis 5.Sensitive to pressure

Answer 9

1. Cervical (7) 2. Thoracic (12) 3. Lumbar(5) 4. Sacral (5) fused 5. Coccyx (4) fused

Answer 10

1. Compact 2. Spongy

Answer 11

1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular 5. Sesamoid

Answer 12

1.Synarthrosis joint 2.Amphiarthrosis joint 3.Diarthrosis joint

Answer 13

Immovable (skull sutures)

Answer 14

Slighty movable joint( distal articulation between Tibia and fibula)

Answer 15

A freely movable joint (Knee)

Answer 16

1.Fibrous 2. Cartilagous 3. Synovial

Answer 17

bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue

Answer 18

Bones are held together by cartilage

Answer 19

surrounded by articular capsule and frequently by accessory ligament

Answer 20

Epiphyseal side

Answer 21

1. Sensory 2. Integrative - changes and decides on response 3. Motor

Answer 22

Myelin Sheath

Answer 23

1- Forms afferent division of PNS 2-Connects a sensory receptor in peripheral tissue with brain/spinal cord, and gives us info about our world and our position within it. 3-Proprioceptors monitor joints & skeletal muscle mvmt 4-Visceral receptors monitor digestion, respiration, CV, urinary, reproductive, taste, pain, pressure

Answer 24

1-Forms efferent division, carries info from CNS to other organs & tissues 2--Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle 3--Visceral motor neurons innervate peripheral sites Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

Answer 25

1-Found only in brain/spinal cord (CNS) 2-Connect neurons & responsible for distributing sensory info and coordinating motor activity

Answer 26

1.Resting state 2.depolarization 3.Absolute refractory period 4.Relative refractory period 5.Repolarization

Answer 27

1. slower 2.work both as positive and negative feedback loops 3. Can be excitatory or inhibitory. Travel via blood stream from gland to effector organ Requires adequate blood flow

Answer 28

Ionic current spreads directly b/w adjacent cells through gap junctions. Each gap junction contains ~100 connections and ions are able to flow back & forth Physically touch each other and have essentially holes into one another

Answer 29

1-Brain Stem Bridge between brain and spinal cord Consists of Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Midbrain 2-Cerebrum Largest part of the brain 3-Cerebellum Superior to the brain stem 4-Diencephalon Consists of Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Answer 30

1-90% of major sensory/corticospinal tracts cross explaining why the left side controls the right and vice versa 2-This area controls heart rate and force of contractions, as well as vessel diameter 3- Breathing rhythmicity controlled here as well 4-Vomit center, hiccups, coughing, swallowing

Answer 31

1-Acts as a bridge for signal transmission in the brain and from the spinal cord 2-Pneumotaxic area and apneustic area here as well Control amount of air inhaled by lungs and when to breath respectively

Answer 32

1.Is a pathway for signals to pass from the cerebrum to the spinal tract, medulla, and pons 2.Subconscious motor control is coordinated here along with the neurotransmitter Dopamine Parkinson’s disease is centered here

Answer 33

80% made up by Thalamus 1-Major sensory relay for body to brain 2-Emotions, alertness, memory controlled here 3-Learning and cognition as well 4-Relay for visual message information from retinas 5-Sensory integration of pain and arousal here

Answer 34

1.Relay for smell, taste, vision 2.Major regulator of homeostasis 3.Sensors for Osmotic pressure (thirst center) Blood temperature Glucose levels Hormone levels (negative feedback with pituitary) 4.Helps regulate smooth and cardiac muscle 5.Emotions controlled Rage Aggression Pain Pleasure Sexual arousal

Answer 35

1-Second biggest part of the brain 2-Back part of the head 3-Helps monitor/control fine motor movement, posture, and balance Alcohol effects this area the most causing ataxia Secondly, alcohol then affects pathways both to and at the medulla from the cerebellum

Answer 36

1-Higher level of thought controlled here 2-Left and Right hemispheres each with 4 Lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital

Answer 37

80-120ml Created to absorb approx 20ml/hr

Answer 38

1-Mechanical protection Shock absorber 2-Chemical protection Huge buffer, if gets too far out of normal range causes major brain malfunctions 3-Circulation Circulates nutrients and removes waste to blood

Answer 39

1. Pia Mater 2. Arachnoid Mater 3. Dura Mater

Answer 40

cauda equina at the base of the spinal cord (approx L1-L4)

Answer 41

From the brain Primarily the cranial nerves

Answer 42

From the periphery Reflex loop here as well

Answer 43

1-Information and stimulus we receive from the outside environment Pressure, heat, wind, body position, etc 2-Most reactions to these stimuli are processed in the spinal cord

Answer 44

Generally we are unaware of Control/reaction mechanisms to Internal Environment BP, digestion, HR, etc

Answer 45

1-Myelinated – carry very localized sensation of fast “prickly” type pain (injection or deep cut) 2-Unmylenated – slow and carry generalized “burning/aching” pain

Answer 46

Function: Vision (sensory) Transfers visual information from the retina to the brain

Answer 47

Function: Smell (sensory) Detects odors from the nasal cavity

Answer 48

Function: Eye movement (motor) Controls most eye muscles, pupil constriction, and eyelid elevation

Answer 49

Function: Eye movement (motor) Moves the eye downward and laterally (superior oblique muscle)

Answer 50

Function: Sensation and chewing (mixed) Facial sensation (touch, pain), and controls muscles for mastication (chewing)

Answer 51

Function: Eye movement (motor) Controls lateral rectus muscle for outward gaze

Answer 52

Function: Facial expressions, taste (mixed) Controls facial muscles, taste from front 2/3 of tongue, tear and saliva production

Answer 53

Function: Hearing and balance (sensory) Detects sound and helps with equilibrium

Answer 54

Function: Taste, swallowing, salivation (mixed) Taste from back 1/3 of tongue, monitors blood pressure, assists in swallowing

Answer 55

Function: Parasympathetic control (mixed) Controls visceral functions: heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate; also speech and taste

Answer 56

Function: Head and shoulder movement (motor) Controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Answer 57

Function: Tongue movement (motor) Controls muscles of the tongue for speech and swallowing

Answer 58

**Function:** Main cells responsible for transmitting electrical signals (nerve impulses) Handle communication within the nervous system **Key Features:** Do not divide (no mitosis after birth) Consist of: Cell body – contains nucleus and organelles Dendrites – receive signals Axon – sends signals to other neurons or effectors Create and propagate action potentials

Answer 59

**Function:** Support, protect, nourish, and insulate neurons Do not send electrical signals Maintain homeostasis within nervous tissue **Key Features:** Can divide (undergo mitosis) Types include: Astrocytes – form blood-brain barrier, regulate ion balance Schwann cells – form myelin sheath in PNS Oligodendrocytes – form myelin in CNS Others include microglia and ependymal cells

Answer 60

Foramen magnum

Answer 61

1-Epidural space Between the bones of the skull and the dura mater 2-Subdural space Between the dura and the arachnoid 3-Subarachnoid space Between the arachnoid and pia mater (normally contains CSF)

Answer 62

1-Initial damage to brain tissue from direct trauma 2-The best management of primary brain injury is injury prevention

Answer 63

1-Occurs as a result of the brain’s reaction to the primary injury. (Coupe contrecoup) 2-Injury→Swelling→ICP→Ischemia→Injury….

Answer 64

**Blunt trauma to head** Most severe injury caused by blunt trauma Generalized contusion and fractures of brain tissue causing generalized edema, bleeding, and ICP. S/S may include anything found in cerebral contusions to extreme levels, including herniation. MOI is valuable.

Answer 65

**Arterial** Blunt trauma causes a linear fracture in the temporal/parietal area →laceration to middle meningeal artery →rapid arterial bleeding between dura mater and skull

Answer 66

**Venous** Bleeding occurs in arachnoid mater due to damage of bridging veins. Venous bleeds are slower than arterial bleeds and therefore often cause slower onset of symptoms.

Answer 67

typically arterial

Answer 68

Bleeding within the tissues of the brain, caused by blunt or penetrating trauma S/S would reflect increasing ICP or CVA symptoms (See ICP section).

Answer 69

Elderly ETOH abuse Hemophilia Anticoagulants You should have a high index of suspicion for any patient who has decreased hemostasis. This includes:

Answer 70

**Lack of oxygen** to brain tissues due to airway obstruction, respiratory or cardiac arrest, asphyxiation, etc, causes permanent brain damage after 4-6 minutes of anoxia **Spasm of cerebral arteries** following anoxia continues death of brain cells despite resuscitation attempts (no reflow phenomenon) Death of cells causes Swelling→ICP→Ischemia→Injury. The process may be delayed with hypothermia.

Answer 71

ICP=5-10 mmHg

Answer 72

MAP=(2x diastolic)+ Systolic/3

Answer 73

1. increased BP 2. Decreased HR 3. Inregular RR (Cheyne-Stokes)

Answer 74

1-Blown pupil or pupils 2-Posturing 3-GCS of 9 or less with a sudden drop of 2 or more

Answer 75

Spinal column-> bundle of nerves = 33 vertebrae Spinal cord->A nervous tissue structure — part of the central nervous system (CNS) **Function:** Transmits nerve impulses between the brain and the body Controls reflexes through reflex arcs

Answer 76

1-High speed MVC (> 100km, rollover, or ejection) 2-Falls >1m or five stairs 3-Axial load 4-Motorized recreational vehicle trauma 5-Bicycle collision with object 6-Other medical risk factors (osteoporosis) 7-Unconscious trauma patient 8-paresthesia abnormal skin sensations such as: Tingling Pins and needles Numbness Burning Prickling

Answer 77

roughly nipple line

Answer 78

Bradycardia Hypotension Hypoventilation PWD Hypothermic Pale warm dry

Answer 79

BVM Suction NS - Normal Saline Prevent hypothermia

Answer 80

Alcohol, apnea, anaphylaxis Epilepsy, environmental (heat / cold) Insulin (diabetes) Overdose Uremia Trauma Infection Psychiatric, poisoning Stroke, shock

Answer 81

Vascular(Migraine)

Answer 82

1-Are caused by a **disruption of blood flow** to any part of the brain 2-Lack of oxygen leads to infarction and eventual necrosis 3-Present with contralateral symptoms that vary in severity 4-Different locations in the brain create different S/S 5-Ischemic, and hemorrhagic, Transient Ischemic Attack

Answer 83

Ischemic 90% Hemorrhagic 10%

Answer 84

Caused by a clot occurring at the site of **atherosclerosis** or other damage **TIA’s** are warning signs like Angina is for the heart Onset may be slow or preceeded by ++ TIAs as clot forms and breaks off

Answer 85

1-Clot formation, breaks free and travels to brain 2- Rapid onset

Answer 86

1- A rupture of a cerebral artery causes bleeding into brain tissue Two problems: -Ischemia -Intracranial pressure 2-Primarily caused by hypertension BP 220>/110> indicator for hemorrhagic 3-Usually a rapid onset from headache to coma

Answer 87

Is a **temporary occlusion of a cerebral artery** that resolves itself within 24 hours Is a grave **predictor of future stroke**, with 30% chance of CVA occurring soon after

Answer 88

Headache Dizziness Photophobia Numbness Altered LOC or Coma Altered pupillary reflexes Altered CN assessment Other symptoms may include: Unexplained HTN AV Blocks Positive Babinski

Answer 89

1. Facial droop 2. Arm drift & Leg strength 3. Speech 4. Time

Answer 90

1. **Upper body slighty elevated** 2. O2 therapy 3. Rapid Transport 4. D50W 12.5 q 10m max 25g to BGL 3.0

Answer 91

1.Generalized - Both hemispheres of the brain 2. Partial - involves only 1 hemisphere

Answer 92

1-‘Spaced out’ appearance 2-Last only a few seconds No general postictal state 3-Patient will have no memory of event 4-Children may grow out of them, or they may develop tonic-clonic seizures

Answer 93

Characterized by a sudden onset of loss of coordination and consciousness **Violent jerking of body**, contraction and relaxation of opposing muscle groups Lasts 3-5 minutes normally, but can last 30 minutes Longer the seizure, longer/deeper the postictal state May present with incontinence

Answer 94

1-Present in a single muscle group 2-Can also have sensory symptoms such as vertigo, hallucinations, auditory or visual disturbances 3-**No decrease in LOC** 4-**No postictal phase** 5-Can develop into deeper/more severe seizures

Answer 95

1-A form of epilepsy involving brief alteration in movement, sensation or nerve function caused by abnormal electrical activity in a localized area of the brain 2-Generally repetitive 3-Smacking lips, twitch of hand, etc 4-Seizures of this type typically cause no change in awareness or alertness.

Answer 96

1-Condition after a seizure Pt’s **postictal state resembles that of a stroke pt** Hemiparalyis, CSS deficits, slurred speech Corrects itself as postictal state lessens

Answer 97

1- Valium (diazepam) 2- Versed (midazolam)

Answer 98

HR more than >90 RR more than >20 Temp >38 or <36 ++ WBC count Altered LOC

Answer 99

Ethanol - Alcohol, mouthwashes, perfumes **Isopropanol** - rubbing alcohol, antifreeze, cleaning products Methanol - industrial solvent, commonly windshield washer fluid

Answer 100

Cocaine Methamphetamine MDMA

Answer 101

Benzodiazepines Opiates Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Huffing

Answer 102

Organophosphates Anticholinergics

Answer 103

Inhalation

Answer 104

1-Includes the eyes 2-**Generally slower** 3-Intact skins provides barrier to some but not all poisons 4-Causes absorption into systemic circulation 5-Affected by blood flow/temp to area 6-Some parts of body absorb more quickly (ie sole of foot vs skin folds) 7-Lipid soluble chemicals more likely to absorb easily through skin (organophosphates)

Answer 105

1-Patient had to have been awake to take it 2-Slow absorption Intentional Suicide Poisoned by other 3-Unintentional Improper hand washing, smoking, eating, swallowing concentrated solid or liquid aerosols during inhalation 4-**Occurs most in children**

Answer 106

1-Subcutaneously, Intramuscularly, Intravenously 2-IV drug use Accidental high pressure injection Through a laceration 3-Prescribed medication

Answer 107

30ml(1mg/kg) potentially fatal

Answer 108

Due to constant surplus of ETOH, cells lose GABA receptors. After ETOH is taken away, the net result is **excess excitatory stimulation**.

Answer 109

up to 7 days

Answer 110

Hallucinations Agitation Delirium

Answer 111

increase serotonin, noepinephrine, dopamine

Answer 112

Is repeated clenching of the jaw.

Answer 113

Meth MDMA Ecstasy

Answer 114

Codeine Fentanyl Morphine Demerol Heroin

Answer 115

1.seizure control 2. anxiety 3.alcohol withdrawal 4. insomnia 5. control of drug-associated agitation

Answer 116

1- sedative-hypnotic agents 2- **Benzos mimic GABA** Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS 3- **Enhanced GABA neurotransmission** results in Sedation Striated muscle relaxation Anticonvulsant effects Vasodilation

Answer 117

Long term chronic users are at risk of developing use related **cyclical vomiting** and **intense abdominal cramping**

Answer 118

1- CO binds to Hgb 210x more than O2. 2- No O2 is transported to mitochondria

Answer 119

21 adult ASA tablets 1 teaspoon of oil of wintergreen 1 bottle of pepto bismol

Answer 120

1- Directly poisonous to neural tissue 2- **Dramatically increases metabolism and breakdown of fuel sources** in the body while **inhibiting aerobic respiration**.

Answer 121

Large amounts of acetaminophen **overwhelm normal metabolism** and takes a side pathway which creates a **toxic metabolite**, eventually causing liver damage

Answer 122

Jaundice Hepatic encephalopathy- decline in brain function ->unable to adequately remove toxins Hypoglycemia Coagulation dysfunction

Answer 123

8 times the prescribed dose

Answer 124

Dry as a bone Red as a beet Mad as a hatter Hot as a hare Blind as a bat

Answer 125

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, which increases the amount of Acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. Neuromuscular junctions (activates muscles) Parasympathetic nervous system ("rest and digest" responses) Central nervous system (learning, memory, attention)

Answer 126

S - salivation L - lacrimation U - urination D - defecation G - gastroenteritis E – emesis M - Miosis _______ D-Diaphoresis/Diarrhea U-Urination M-Miosis B-Bradycardia B-Bronchospasm E-Emesis L-Lacrimation S-Salivation

Answer 127

M - mydriasis (pupil dilation) T - tachycardia W - weakness H - hypertension, hyperglycemia F - fasciculations

Answer 128

ETCO₂ reflects perfusion from chest compressions Higher ETCO₂ = better cardiac output from compressions

Answer 129

Several short burst/clusters of breaths followed by periods of apnea Head injuries/ICP

Answer 130

Is an allergic reaction Requires a “trigger”, which is anything that carries a protein that is recognized by your body as a pathogen and causes inflammation.

Answer 131

Hypersensitivity is due to abnormal inflammation in the lung itself. Does not require a pathogenic protein

Answer 132

Air trapping ->Muscular tiring ->Hypoxia-> Dehydration

Answer 133

Dead air space Barrel chest Pneumothorax

Answer 134

Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 135

**Collection of pus/exudates in pleural space** Generally from previous lung infection that has spread Bacterial Post surgery Trauma Abscesses

Answer 136

Radial - 80 Brachial - 70 Carotid - 60

Answer 137

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 138

1-A **reduction in peripheral blood flow** produced by peripheral vasoconstriction (hypovolemia, severe hypotension, cold, cardiac failure, some cardiac arrythmias) or peripheral vascular disease. 2-**Bright ambient light** may cause the oximeter to be inaccurate. 3-**Shivering** may cause difficulties in picking up an adequate signal. 4-**Nail polish** may cause falsely low readings. 5-The units are not affected by jaundice, dark skin or anemia.

Answer 139

5 - orange

Answer 140

Displacement Obstruction Pneumothorax Equipment

Answer 141

Potentiation

Answer 142

Habituation

Answer 143

IV: 30-60 seconds

Answer 144

Oral: 30-90 min

Answer 145

hypertonic

Answer 146

IV fluids made of water and dissolved small molecules (like electrolytes or glucose) Examples: Normal Saline (NS) Lactated Ringer’s (LR) D5W (Dextrose 5% in Water)

Answer 147

IV fluids containing larger molecules (like proteins or starches) that stay in the blood vessels longer Examples: Albumin Dextran Hetastarch

Answer 148

60 drops equal 1ml

Answer 149

(14 to 16 gauge) should be used for patients in shock, cardiac arrest, or other life-threatening emergencies in which rapid fluid replacement is required.

Answer 150

1- Tunica intima (inner layer) 2- Tunica media 3- Tunica externa (outer layer)

Answer 151

Approx 150ml/hr

Answer 152

Tibial Tuberosity

Final Review - LK Flashcards

(216 cards)