Reproductive System - A&P Textbook

Question 1

What are the essential reproductive organs of the male and female?

Answer 1

Male: testes, penis; Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Each organ has specific functions related to reproduction.

Question 2

What hormones are necessary for the formation of gametes?

Answer 2

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH)

These hormones stimulate gamete production in both males and females.

Question 3

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Answer 3

Spermatogenesis produces sperm; oogenesis produces ova

Spermatogenesis occurs continuously, while oogenesis occurs cyclically in females.

Question 4

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

Answer 4

Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium

These layers play roles in menstruation and pregnancy.

Question 5

What is the life cycle of an oocyte?

Answer 5

Oogonium → Primary oocyte → Secondary oocyte → Ovum

Oocytes undergo meiosis during this cycle.

Question 6

What are the changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 6

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone

Hormone levels fluctuate to regulate the cycle.

Question 7

Define diploid.

Answer 7

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (46 total in humans)

Diploid cells include somatic cells.

Question 8

Define haploid.

Answer 8

A cell containing one set of chromosomes (23 total in humans)

Haploid cells include gametes (sperm and egg).

Question 9

What are gametes?

Answer 9

Reproductive cells (sperm and ova)

Gametes are haploid and combine during fertilization.

Question 10

What is the endometrium?

Answer 10

The inner lining of the uterus that thickens during the menstrual cycle

It is crucial for implantation of a fertilized egg.

Question 11

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 11

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in shape and size

They carry genes for the same traits.

Question 12

What are autosomes?

Answer 12

Non-sex chromosomes that are the same in both males and females

Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes.

Question 13

What are sex chromosomes?

Answer 13

Chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex (X and Y)

Females have XX; males have XY.

Question 14

Define genes.

Answer 14

Segments of DNA that code for proteins and determine traits

Genes are fundamental units of heredity.

Question 15

Define alleles.

Answer 15

Different forms of a gene that exist at the same locus on homologous chromosomes

Alleles can be dominant or recessive.

Question 16

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Answer 16

Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the observable traits

Genotype influences phenotype but is not the sole determinant.

Question 17

What is homozygous?

Answer 17

Having two identical alleles for a specific gene

Example: AA or aa.

Question 18

What is heterozygous?

Answer 18

Having two different alleles for a specific gene

Example: Aa.

Question 19

What are the parts of a sperm cell?

Answer 19

Head, neck, tail

The head contains genetic material; the tail aids in movement.

Question 20

What are the major developmental changes during gestation?

Answer 20

Cell division, organ development, fetal growth

Gestation lasts approximately 266 days.

Question 21

What is the structure and function of the placenta?

Answer 21

Organ that nourishes the fetus, provides oxygen, and removes waste

The placenta forms from the trophoblast and attaches to the endometrium.

Question 22

What is the average length of a gestation period?

Answer 22

266 days

This is equivalent to about 9 months.

Question 23

What are the stages of labor?

Answer 23

First stage: contractions and dilation; Second stage: birth; Third stage: placenta expulsion

Each stage involves specific physiological changes.

Question 24

What is the difference between fetal circulation and adult circulation?

Answer 24

Fetal circulation bypasses the lungs; adult circulation involves lung function

The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are key structures in fetal circulation.

Question 25

What major changes occur in an infant at birth?

Answer 25

Initiation of breathing, closure of foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus ## Footnote These changes adapt the infant to life outside the womb.

Question 26

What are some important genetic diseases found in out-of-hospital care?

Answer 26

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, hemophilia ## Footnote These conditions may require immediate medical attention.

Question 27

What type of cells contain a diploid number of chromosomes?

Answer 27

Body cells ## Footnote Body cells have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

Question 28

How many chromosomes do sex cells contain?

Answer 28

23 chromosomes ## Footnote Sex cells are haploid and include sperm and ovum.

Question 29

What is the result of fertilization in terms of chromosome number?

Answer 29

46 chromosomes ## Footnote 23 chromosomes from the ovum and 23 from the sperm combine.

Question 30

What are autosomes?

Answer 30

Chromosomes that carry genes coding for body proteins independent of sex ## Footnote Body cells have autosomes in addition to sex chromosomes.

Question 31

What are the two types of sex chromosomes?

Answer 31

X and Y ## Footnote These chromosomes determine sex and other traits.

Question 32

What is an allele?

Answer 32

A single gene contributed by one parent for a characteristic ## Footnote Alleles can be dominant or recessive.

Question 33

What distinguishes a dominant trait from a recessive trait?

Answer 33

A dominant trait is expressed with one or more dominant alleles; a recessive trait requires two recessive alleles ## Footnote Dominance determines the phenotype.

Question 34

What is a phenotype?

Answer 34

An observable characteristic of an organism ## Footnote It results from genetic composition and environmental factors.

Question 35

What is a genotype?

Answer 35

The genetic composition for a specific trait ## Footnote It determines the potential phenotypes.

Question 36

What did Gregor Mendel study?

Answer 36

The color of flowers in pea plants ## Footnote His experiments established foundational principles of inheritance.

Question 37

What was the outcome of Mendel's F1 generation cross?

Answer 37

All offspring had red flowers ## Footnote This showed the dominance of the red flower trait.

Question 38

What was the expected ratio of red to white flowers in Mendel's F2 generation?

Answer 38

3 red-flowered plants to 1 white-flowered plant ## Footnote This ratio reflects Mendelian inheritance patterns.

Question 39

What is a homozygous organism?

Answer 39

An organism with two identical alleles for a trait ## Footnote Examples include rr or RR.

Question 40

What is a heterozygous organism?

Answer 40

An organism with two different alleles for a trait ## Footnote Example: Rr.

Question 41

What is a genetic disease?

Answer 41

A hereditary condition resulting from genotypic abnormality ## Footnote It leads to observable phenotypic findings.

Question 42

What does it mean if an individual is in a carrier state?

Answer 42

They carry one copy of a recessive allele but do not express the phenotype ## Footnote Carriers can pass on the allele to offspring.

Question 43

What is a multifactorial disease?

Answer 43

A disease involving multiple genes and environmental factors ## Footnote These factors together increase susceptibility to certain conditions.

Question 44

What is a polygenic disease?

Answer 44

A disease involving multiple genes ## Footnote The interplay of several genetic factors contributes to the condition.