Cortez - Final review Flashcards

Question

Nicotinic effects

Answer 1

This stimulates the **postganglionic neuron**, which then releases **norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine (EPI)** at the target organ. Organophosphate poisioning M - Mydriasis T - Tachycardia W - Weakness H - Hypertension F- Fasciculations - muscle twiches In the ganglia, where the preganglionic neuron synapses with the postganglionic neuron, acetylcholine (ACh) binds to nicotinic receptors.

Answer 2

activated by acetylcholine (ACh). When overstimulated — like in **organophosphate poisoning** (which prevents ACh breakdown) — we see a classic **parasympathetic** overreaction,

Answer 3

Nose bleed

Answer 4

is the medical term for **involuntary, repetitive eye movements,** which can be side-to-side (horizontal), up-and-down (vertical), or rotary (circular)

Answer 5

is a common term for **decompression sickness**, a condition that occurs when dissolved gases (mostly nitrogen) come out of solution and form bubbles in the body during or after a rapid decrease in pressure

Answer 6

is a neurological condition characterized by a **lack of muscle coordination** that affects voluntary movements

Answer 7

is a reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs when divers **breathe nitrogen at high pressures**, typically at depths below 30 meters (100 feet).

Answer 8

the **rate and pattern** of respiration, Helps prevent lungs from over-inflating

Answer 9

it plays a key role in **controlling the depth and duration** of breathing — especially inhalation

Answer 10

(also called hypercarbia) refers to an abnormally **high level of carbon dioxide (CO₂)** in the blood, usually due to inadequate ventilation

Answer 11

is a general term used to describe the **thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity** of the arterial walls.

Answer 12

is a specific type of arteriosclerosis where **fatty deposits (plaques)** build up on the inner walls of arteries, leading to narrowing and stiffening of those arteries

Answer 13

| H = Hypothalamus → Brain region that initiates the response | P = Pituitary gland → "Master gland" that signals the adrenal gland | A = Adrenal glands → Sit on top of kidneys; produce stress hormones

Answer 14

are the **primary functional cells of the liver**, making up about 80% of the liver’s mass. They perform most of the liver’s essential functions, including detoxification, metabolism, storage, and bile production

Answer 15

Where important structures enter and exit the kidney. Renal Vein Renal Artery aorta Ureter Lymphatic vessels & nerves

Answer 16

SV=preload-afterload

Answer 17

1- parotids 2- Submandibular Glands 3-Sublingual Glands

Answer 18

Are part of the **male reproductive system** and play an important role in sexual function and fertility.

Answer 19

A stimulus causes **sodium (Na⁺) channels to open**. **Na⁺ rushes into the cell**, making the inside more positive.

Answer 20

**Potassium (K⁺) channels open, K⁺ moves out**, and the cell starts to return to a negative state.

Answer 21

-55mV The threshold potential is the critical voltage level that a membrane must reach to **trigger an action potential.**

Answer 22

Active transport

Answer 23

1.Balance and posture 2.Coordination – Smooths out your movements 3.Fine motor control – Lets you do precise movements 4.Motor learning – Helps you learn new physical skills Minor role in RR & HR

Answer 24

Controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Answer 25

**Breathing Regulation** -Works with the medulla oblongata to control the rhythm of breathing. -the pons helps fine-tune and smooth out breathing patterns. **Relay Messages** -Sends information between the cortex (thinking brain) and cerebellum (movement coordination). -Essential for movement, posture, and balance coordination. **Sleep and Arousal** -Plays a role in regulating sleep cycles, especially REM sleep. -Helps you wake up or stay alert. **Facial Sensation and Movement** Houses cranial nerves V–VIII, which are involved in:

Answer 26

1-Respiratory Control -Regulates breathing rate and rhythm. -Works with the pons to adjust depth and speed of breathing. 2-Cardiovascular Control -Controls heart rate and blood pressure. -Adjusts blood vessel diameter (vasodilation/constriction). 3-Reflex Centers Swallowing Coughing Sneezing Vomiting Hiccupping 4-Motor and Sensory Pathways Contains nerve tracts that pass signals between the brain and spinal cord. Decussation (crossing over) of motor fibers happens here — this is why the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa. 5-Cranial Nerve Functions Several cranial nerves (like IX, X, XI, and XII) arise from or pass through the medulla

Answer 27

Fluid loss 1-Bleeding 2-Burns 3-Dehydration 4-Metabolic shock (also considered dsitributive)

Answer 28

1- MI 2-Arrhythmias

Answer 29

1-PE 2-Tamponade 3- Pericarditis 4-Tension Pneumothorax

Answer 30

1- Sepsis 2- Anaphylaxis 3- Neurogenic

Answer 31

Contain two major parts **1. Hypothalamus** Body temperature regulation Hunger and thirst Sleep-wake cycles Hormone control via the pituitary gland Emotional responses (like fear, anger, pleasure) **2.Thalamus** **Sensory Relay** Receives sensory information (except smell) Example: Touch, pain, temperature, vision, hearing — all go through the thalamus. **Motor Signals Relay** Helps relay motor signals between the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex **Consciousness and Alertness** **Pain Perception** Processes and relays pain signals to the cortex for interpretation.

Answer 32

1-**Largest part of the brain** 2- **Contains 4 lobes** -Frontal Voluntary movement (motor control) , Decision-making, Problem-solving, Personality & behavior, Speech production (Broca’s area) -Parietal Processing touch (pain, temperature, pressure), Body position awareness (proprioception), Understanding spatial relationships -Temporal - Hearing, Language comprehension (Wernicke’s area),Memory storage, Emotion processing -Occipital - vision

Answer 33

1. Diazepam- Valium 2. Lorazepam - Ativan 3. Alprazolam - Xanax 4. Midazolam - Versed

Answer 34

Enhancing the effect of **GABA (a calming neurotransmitter)**, helping to reduce anxiety, relax muscles, and promote sleep. They're **CNS depressants**

Answer 35

Drugs that mimic the effects of the **sympathetic nervous system** — also known as the "fight or flight" system Alpha receptors – cause vasoconstriction (raises BP) Beta-1 receptors – increase heart rate & contractility Beta-2 receptors – relax bronchioles (open airways) Epinephrine Cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis Norepinephrine Shock, hypotension Albuterol Asthma, bronchospasm Dopamine Shock, heart failure Phenylephrine Nasal decongestant, hypotension

Answer 36

**Mu (μ)** – Most pain relief & euphoria, but also slows breathing **Kappa (κ)** – Pain relief, some sedation **Delta (δ)** – Less understood, may help mood and pain

Answer 37

Drugs that act on the **nervous system to relieve pain**. They work by **binding to opioid receptors** in the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body.

Answer 38

**Long chains of sugar molecules** — specifically, they’re complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose) linked together.

Answer 39

Is the simplest form of carbohydrate — **it's a single sugar molecule** that serves as a basic building block for more complex sugars like disaccharides and polysaccharides

Answer 40

Catabolism

Answer 41

crushes molecules to create energy

Answer 42

assembles molecules using energy

Answer 43

immune system mistakenly **attacks the myelin sheath** — the protective covering around nerve fibers (axons).

Answer 44

Infection & inflammation of the meningeal mebrane

Answer 45

Olfactory - Smell

Answer 46

Optic - vision

Answer 47

Oculomotor - Eye movement, pupil constriction

Answer 48

Trochlear - Eye movement

Answer 49

Trigeminal - Facial Sensation & chewing

Answer 50

Abducens - Eye movement

Answer 51

Facial - Facial expression, taste, tears saliva

Answer 52

Vestibuloccochlear(Auditory) - Hearing + Balance

Answer 53

Glossopharyngeal - Taste, swallowing, salivation

Answer 54

Vagus - Heart, lungs, digestion:swallowing, voice

Answer 55

Accessory - Shoulder and neck movement

Answer 56

Hypoglossal - Tougue movement

Answer 57

1.Amitriptyline - Elavil 2.Nortriptyline - Pamelor, Aventyl 3. Imipramine - Tofranil

Answer 58

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are metabolised 3 times by the liver, resulting in wide QRS complex.

Answer 59

Right Arm (RA) – White = **Negative** Left Arm (LA) – Black = **Positive & Negative** Right Leg (RL) – Green (ground) Left Leg (LL) – Red = **Positive**

Answer 60

(RA) – White = **Negative** -> (LA) – Black = **Positive**

Answer 61

Right Arm (RA) – White = **Negative** -> Left Leg (LL) – Red = **Positive**

Answer 62

Left Arm (LA) – Black = **Negative** -> Left Leg (LL) – Red = **Positive**

Answer 63

Eyes->**Dilated pupils** (mydriasis), blurred vision Mouth->**Dry mouth** Skin ->**Flushed, hot, dry skin** GI/Bladder ->**Urinary retention, decreased bowel sounds** **Tachycardia (fast heart rate)** – most common initial sign **Hypotension (low BP)** Prolonged QRS complex on ECG (>100 ms) Ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac arrest (in severe cases)

Answer 64

1. DRIED 2. Drowning longer than 90min 3. DNR Goals of Care 4. MCI

Answer 65

is triggered by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood.

Answer 66

Body begins to rely more on low oxygen (O₂) levels to stimulate breathing. This is called the **hypoxic drive**. They often have chronically high CO₂ levels (hypercapnia), so their brain becomes less sensitive to CO₂.

Answer 67

Decreased blood pressure (BP) Increased heart rate (HR) Increased respiratory rate (RR)

Answer 68

1. Hypotension 2. JVD 3. Muffled heart sounds

Answer 69

1. Increased BP 2. Decreased HR 3. Absent or Irregular respirations(Cheyne Stokes)

Answer 70

Facial Droop 0 or 1 0 = Absent, **1 = Present** Arm Drift 0 to 2 0 = Normal, 1 = Drifts down, **2 = Falls rapidly** Grip Strength 0 to 2 0 = Normal, 1 = Weak, **2 = No grip**

Answer 71

Cerebral herniation to rapidly lower CO₂, which causes cerebral vasoconstriction, temporarily reducing brain swelling and IC.

Answer 72

10-15 mmHg

Answer 73

CPP=MAP-ICP

Answer 74

High grade = Bacterial Low grade = generally viral/early bacteria

Answer 75

**Epiglottitis** "Drooling and dying" – sudden, serious, no cough **Croup** "Coughing and croaking" – barking cough, stridor, milder onset

Answer 76

**Protozoa (single-celled parasites)** General -> Fever (often cyclical), chills, sweating Constitutional -> Fatigue, weakness, malaise GI Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Neurological Headache, confusion, dizziness (especially in severe cases) Musculoskeletal Muscle aches, joint pain Respiratory Cough, difficulty breathing (in severe cases) Hematologic Anemia, jaundice (due to red blood cell destruction)

Answer 77

Virus fever, chills, headache, sore throat, cough, GI upset, muscle ache, fatigue

Answer 78

**Both viral and bacterial** fever, headache, **neck stiffness**, confusion,** photophobia, phonophobia** Kernig's Sign - lift leg Brudzinski's Sign - lifting head

Answer 79

Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 80

1. Displacement 2. Obstruction 3. Pneumothorax 4.Equipment

Answer 81

Relief from pain

Answer 82

Loss of sensation, may include loss of consciousness Used in surgeries to block all sensation, possibly render unconscious

Answer 83

Loss of memory (partial or complete) Often a side effect or intended effect of sedatives or anesthesia

Answer 84

* The ability to identify and understand another person’s feelings, ideas, and circumstances.

Answer 85

* Sharing the feelings of others (especially feelings of sorrow or anguish)

Answer 86

* Contractions 2-4 min * Crowning * Perineal bulge * Urge to bare down * Mom says so

Answer 87

Meconium Medication Multipara Maturity

Answer 88

Every other beat is a PVC

Answer 89

Every third beat is a PVC

Answer 90

Two PVCs in a row

Answer 91

Three or more PVCs in a row (short VT run)

Answer 92

0.2 secs = 5 mini squares of .04secs

Answer 93

DEPOLARIZATION of the atria

Answer 94

DEPOLARIZATION of the ventricles

Answer 95

Ventricular REPOLARIZATION

Answer 96

Infarction

Answer 97

a plane that divides the body into unequal portions

Answer 98

The front half of an object

Answer 99

a line that divides an object into halves (up and down)

Answer 100

something that has something else dissolved in it **Substances that does the dissolving**

Answer 101

substance dissolved in a solution

Answer 102

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen

Answer 103

LAD (Left Anterior Descending Artery)

Answer 104

registration, examination, competency, continuing education

Answer 105

Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (filling phase).

Answer 106

The **resistance** the heart must overcome to **eject blood** during **systole (contraction)**

Answer 107

General Adaptation Syndrome 3 phases 1. Alarm SNS releases Epi and NE 2. Resistance Release cortisol 3. Exhaustion - eventually catabolism leads to failure of body system -> death

Answer 108

Airway burns ingestion of **caustic** substances esophageal varices

Answer 109

= brain injury caused by complete or near-complete absence of oxygen (anoxia) to the entire brain, typically lasting more than a few minutes.

Answer 110

Most commonly from a skull fracture that tears the middle meningeal artery. Leads to **arterial bleeding, which accumulates rapidly.**

Answer 111

is a collection of blood between the **dura mater and the arachnoid mater** (two layers of the meninges surrounding the brain). It’s usually due to **venous bleeding** and can be acute or chronic depending on the speed of onset

Answer 112

are a type of immune cell found mainly in the skin and other epithelial tissues.

Answer 113

is the cell’s **lipid factory and detox center**, helping make fats, break down toxins, and regulate calcium — especially active in liver and muscle cells

Answer 114

Are a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They play a critical role in nerve function. **Wrap around axons to form the myelin sheath, which increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction**

Answer 115

are specialized **sensory cells found in the epidermis** (outer layer of the skin), particularly in areas that are highly sensitive to touch, like the fingertips, lips, and face.

Answer 116

results in two genetically identical diploid cells with 46 chromosomes each — used for normal body cell growth and repair.

Answer 117

creates 4 genetically different haploid gametes, each with 23 chromosomes — critical for maintaining the correct chromosome number after fertilization.

Answer 118

Interphase – DNA replicates (not part of mitosis proper) **Prophase** – Chromosomes condense, spindle forms **Metaphase** – Chromosomes align in the middle **Anaphase** – Sister chromatids pulled apart **Telophase** – Two new nuclei form Cytokinesis – Cell splits into two identical diploid cells

Answer 119

is a provincial law in Alberta that **governs how regulated health professionals, including paramedics, are licensed, monitored, and held accountable** to ensure public safety and quality care.

Answer 120

The CNS is the brain and spinal cord — the control center. The PNS includes all nerves outside the CNS — the messengers that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

Answer 121

Somatic = Voluntary Autonomic = Involuntary

Answer 122

Absolute Shock = Actual **loss of intravascular fluid** of blood volume i.e Hemorrhage, Severe dehydration, Burns Relative Shock = **No actual fluid loss**, but the **blood is redistributed or pooled**, reducing effective circulation i.e Sepsis, Anaphylaxis, Neurogenic, Psychogenic

Answer 123

Inotropic Chrontropic Dromotropic Lusitropic

Answer 124

Stable angina = **Predictable chest pain with exertion**, relieved by rest/nitro. Unstable angina = Unpredictable, **worse chest pain at rest**; a **warning sign of impending MI**. Prinzmetal angina = **Chest pain at rest due to arterial spasm**, not plaque; shows transient ST elevation but normal troponins.

Answer 125

1- 0.9% Sodium Chloride 2- Ringer's Lactate 3- Ringers Solution 4- D5W when in the bag -> becomes hypo in the body

Answer 126

1- anything above .9% NS 2- D10W 3- D50W

Answer 127

1- anything below .9% NS 2- 2/3 1/3 3- D5W in the body

Answer 128

is **right-sided heart failure** due to **chronic lung disease** — most often seen in COPD — and results from long-term pulmonary hypertension

Answer 129

1-**Left-Sided Heart Failure** Most common cause overall — fluid backs up into the lungs → increases pressure → strains the right side 2-**Valvular Heart Disease** Especially tricuspid or pulmonary valve disease (e.g., stenosis, regurgitation) 3-**Pulmonary Embolism (PE)** Sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery increases right heart pressure 4-**Myocarditis Inflammation** of the heart muscle (viral, autoimmune) can affect the right ventricle 5-**Right Ventricular MI** Heart attack involving the right ventricle weakens its function 6-Congenital Heart Disease E.g., atrial or ventricular septal defects causing volume overload on the right side 7-Chronic Volume Overload From renal failure or excessive IV fluids (increasing venous return) 8-Pericardial Disease E.g., constrictive pericarditis can restrict right heart filling

Answer 130

Assault = “I’m going to hit you!” (Threat) Battery = Actually hitting someone (Action) Assault Threatening to treat a patient without consent Battery Performing a procedure without the patient’s permission or consent

Answer 131

Negligence **Failure to act** with reasonable care, resulting in **unintended harm** Gross Negligence A **severe or reckless** disregard for safety, showing a **lack of concern for consequences**

Answer 132

Hepatocytes

Answer 133

Constritor

Answer 134

1. Hyper-coagulability 2. Blood Stasis 3. Vessel damage (Endothelial injury)

Answer 135

FLAT PEG F – FSH Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulates egg/sperm production in ovaries/testes L – LH Luteinizing Hormone Triggers ovulation; stimulates testosterone in males A – ACTH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulates adrenal cortex → cortisol production T – TSH Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4 P – Prolactin — Promotes milk production in mammary glands E – (Ignored) — (Used as a spacer in the mnemonic) G – GH Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, fat metabolism

Answer 136

**ADH** Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys → ↓ urine output, ↑ blood pressure **Oxytocin** — Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding

Answer 137

progressive loss of intellectual function.

Answer 138

Heat Exhaustion Moderate Sweaty, tired, alert, normal temp Heat Stroke Severe emergency Hot, altered mental status, ≥ 40°C

Answer 139

2 arteries 1 vein

Answer 140

in **females** are the embryological and functional counterparts to the male bulbourethral glands, both **providing lubrication during sexual arousal.**

Answer 141

3x per day

Answer 142

4x per day

Answer 143

2x per day

Answer 144

Numbness Tingling Pins and needles Burning Prickling

Answer 145

Alimentary Canal

Answer 146

gtt/min=Volume x gtt/min __________________ time

Answer 147

4cc x BSA% x Weight(kg) _________________________ 2

Answer 148

Keeps HR & BP down + bronchoconstriction

Answer 149

reduce blood pressure and heart workload by relaxing blood vessels and slowing cardiac conduction BP=down HR=down Heart load=down Relax blood vessels

Answer 150

To keep the vein open 150ml/hr 10 drop set = 25 drops per min 60 drop set = 150 drops per min

Answer 151

Epicardium also part of the pericardium

Answer 152

myocardium - muscle layer

Answer 153

Endocardium

Answer 154

fibrous - anchors and protects

Answer 155

Parietal serous layer

Answer 156

Visceral serous layer

Answer 157

The ability of the heart to increase CO due to increased demand.

Answer 158

is a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and share information.

Cortez - Final review Flashcards

(207 cards)