Fire Officer Principals & Practices 3rd edtn. Flashcards
Memorize! (319 cards)
1
Q
NFPA standard for fire officer professional qualifications
A
NFPA 1021
2
Q
Four levels of fire officer in NFPA 1021:
- Fire Officer I
- Fire Officer II
- Fire Officer III & IV
A
- Fire Officer I = Officer supervising a single co.
- Fire Officer II = Senior non-chief officer
- Fire Officer III & IV = Chief officers
3
Q
The foundation of company officer practice came from …
A
WWII combat experience
4
Q
Number of FF in US
A
1.1 mil
5
Q
Professional : Volunteer percentages
A
31% : 69%
6
Q
Medical : Fire response percentages
A
66% : 5%
7
Q
Year the first FD was created
A
24 B.C. - 600 slaves - Familia Publica
8
Q
First documented fire in US
A
Jamestown, 1607
9
Q
Year Boston established first fire regulations
A
1630
10
Q
Year first organized volunteer fire company was established
A
1735 - Union Fire Co., Ben Franklin
11
Q
Great Chicago fire:
- Days burned
- Acres burned
- Homes destroyed
- Dead
- Homeless
A
- Days burned = 3
- Acres burned = 2,000
- Homes destroyed = 17,000
- Dead = 300
- Homeless = 90,000
12
Q
Deadliest fire in US history
A
Peshtigo firestorm - 2,200 dead
13
Q
Developed first municipal water system
A
Romans
14
Q
FF in NY who developed the first hydrants in 1817
A
George Smith
15
Q
Most fire departments are structured on the basis of 4 management principals
A
- Unity of command
- Span of control
- Division of labor
- Discipline
16
Q
Span of control
A
3 - 7; experts believe no more than 5
17
Q
Four functions of management as identified by Henri Fayol that constitute a continuous cycle
A
- Planning
- Organizing
- Leading
- Controlling
18
Q
Defined:
- Short range planning
- Medium range planning
- Long range planning
A
- Short range planning = up to a year
- Medium range planning = 1 - 3 years
- Long range planning = longer than 3 years
19
Q
The key to improving ethical choices
A
Have clear organizational values
20
Q
Duties of the Fire Officer II can be divided into 3 categories
A
- Admin
- Emergency
- Non-emergency
21
Q
Second most common reason for fire service response
A
Activated fire alarm
22
Q
Third most common reason for fire service response
A
Investigate and odor, hazardous condition, or other service type call
23
Q
Primary cause of death of firefighters within a burning building (2)
A
- Flashover
- Structural collapse
24
Q
Developed the first hand-powered water pumper in 1720
A
Richard Newsham
25
Focus of first building codes developed in Egypt
Preventing structural collapse
26
Congressional act that established the civil service system in 1883
the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
27
Eligibility list:
- Rank
- Banded
- Rank = Highest scoring candidate is no. 1
- Banded = Divided into "highly qualified", "qualified", and "not qualified"; candidates in each section are ranked equally
28
A core component of the civil service system and is used to determine the compensation level for a position
Class specification
29
6 most commonly used components of a promotional exam
- Multipul choice
- Assessment center
- Emergency incident simulators
- Interpersonal interaction
- Writing or speaking exercise
- Technical skills exercise
30
Three options for constructing a multiple choice test
- Committee members write the questions
- Private company develops a generic exam
- Hiring a consultant to write the questions
31
The assessment center process was developed in the officer corp of the ___ army in the 1920's
German
32
Most common assessment center exercise
In-basket exercise
33
Suggested method for handling promotional in-baskets (5)
- Review
- Prioritize
- Identify options/resources/alternatives
- Follow up
- Make notifications
34
In an interpersonal interaction assessment, the key points are to meet 8 criteria
1. Maintain control of the interview
2. Tell employee exact behavior you expect
3. Give employee a deadline to demonstrate
4. Arrange for follow up meeting
5. Get employee buy-in
6. Be an empathetic listener
7. Explain consequences
8. Finish positive
35
4 sections of a personal study journal
1. Info about the exam
2. Calendar
3. Written reference materials
4. Info about components of exam
36
Two documents to define the KSA
- Narrative job description
| - Technical class specification
37
Decision on which components to use in a promotional exam is influenced by ... (4)
- Time requirements
- Expense
- Staff expertise
- Past experience
38
Emergency incident simulations take one of four formats
- Data dump
- Mock emergency
- Interactive emergency sim
- Full scale incident sim
39
Study techniques include ...(2)
- Keeping a study journal
| - Participating in role-playing activities
40
4 basic tasks chief officers consider vital for new officers
- Beginning of shift report (most important)
- Notifications (second most important)
- Decision making (equal in importance to Problem solving)
- Problem solving
41
Beginning of shift report should take place within the first quarter hour and consist of 3 things
- Staffing
- Location and condition of rolling stock
- Provide chief with must know info
42
4 times in a firefighters career when a major change occurs
- Completes probationary period
- Is promoted to company commander
- Is promoted to chief officer
- Retires
43
"Effective Company Commander" by James O. Page divides the company officer's duties into three distinct roles
- Supervisor
- Commander
- Trainer
44
Widely known as the "father" of fire-based emergency medical services
James O. Page
45
3 activities necessary to ensure a good working relationship between a fire officer and his supervisor
- Keep supervisor informed
- Make appropriate decisions at your level of responsibility
- Consult with supervisor before making disciplinary actions or policy changes
46
General guidelines for for performing an initial investigation of harassment (10)
- Keep an open mind
- Treat the person who filed with respect
- Do not blame the complainant
- Do not retaliate
- Follow established procedure
- Interview people involved
- Look for corroboration or contradiction
- Keep it confidential
- Write it all down
- Cooperate with government agencies
47
EEOC files approximately ___ lawsuits every year
400
48
An officer who has worked as a managing fire officer for 3 to 5 years, is certified at the NFPA Fire Officer III level and has accomplished formal education equivalent to a bachelors degree
Administrative fire officer
49
Communication cycle (5)
1. Message
2. Sender
3. Medium (with noise)
4. Receiver
5. Feedback
50
Fire officer needs to keep the chief officer informed about three areas
- Progress toward performance goals and project objectives
- Matters that may cause controversy
- Attitudes and moral
51
Most common form of communication
Verbal
52
Most effective means of conveying many types of info
face-to-face
53
C A N
- Conditions
- Actions
- Needs
54
Supervisors first report of an injury must be submitted within ___ to ___ hours of the incident
24 to 72 hours
55
A popular assessment tool for promotion is to write a letter for the fire chief. It has two primary goals
- Asses writing skills
| - Asses decision making skills
56
Elements of a decision document (6)
- Statement of problem/issue
- Background
- Restrictions
- Options
- Recommendations
- Next action
57
A verbal report consists of 4 parts
1. Get their attention
2. Interest statement
3. Details
4. Action
58
3 steps in preparing a news release
1. Identify what make the story interesting
2. Develop a concept and write the release
3. Get news release to media outlets
59
Identifies who will develop a social media policy
Fire Chief
60
Short term directions, procedures, or orders signed by the Fire Chief and lasting for a period of days to 1 year or more
General orders
61
Written organizational directives that identify a desired goal and describe a general path to accomplish the goal
SOG
62
Written organizational directives that describe specific operational or administrative methods to be followed routinely for the performance of designated operations or actions
SOP
63
First step in developing an incident action plan
Understanding the causes of firefighter deaths
64
4 simple habits to improve the safety of the crew
- Be physically fit
- Wear seat belts
- Practice safety through training and personal example
- Maintain fire company integrity
65
Leading cause of line-of-duty deaths
Heart attacks (41%)
66
4 risk factors for heart attack
- Obesity
- High cholesterol
- Smoking
- Family history
67
Account for the largest percentage of traumatic firefighter deaths
Collisions
68
A simple requirement could prevent 8 -12 firefighter deaths each year
Wearing seatbelt
69
A single unit IAP includes the following basic elements (3)
- Specifies incident objectives
- States the activities to be completed
- Covers a specific time frame (operational period)
70
The US Fire Administration's Firefighter Fatality Retrospective Study indicated that ___ % of fatal fire suppression incidents tallied in the report involved the death of a single firefighter
82%
71
Accountability system typically provides the following components (4)
- Method to identify all personnel on scene
- Method to identify personnel who are in the hazard area
- Process to account for personnel quickly
- Process to ensure that personnel do not go unaccounted for for an extended period of time
72
Some fire departments require a PAR every ___ min
20 minutes
73
Minimum size of an interior work team
2
74
The results of a rapid intervention drill in 2002 showed that it takes ___ minutes to rescue a downed firefighter using ___ firefighters
- 12 minutes
| - 21 firefighters
75
Ultimately up to ___ to either approve or alter the action taken by the safety officer
IC
76
According the NFPA 1521, the incident safety officer must meet the following requirements (2)
- Be a fire department officer
| - Met the requirements of Fire Officer I
77
General knowledge requirements of an effective safety officer (4)
- Safety and health hazards involved in emergency operations
- Building construction
- Local fire department personnel accountability system
- Incident scene rehabilitation
78
Third line of defense after the individual and the fire officer
Incident safety officer
79
Principals that should be implemented to prevent injuries as well as death (2)
- Physical fitness
| - PPE
80
Leading type of firefighter injuries
Sprains and strains
81
6 components of the NFPA 1581, Standard on Fire Department Infection Control Program
1. Written policy with the goal of identifying and limiting exposures
2. Written risk management plan to identify risks and control measures
3. Annual training and education in infection control
4. Designated infection control officer
5. Access to appropriate immunizations for employees
6. Instructions for handeling exposure incidents
82
Most important first step with any exposure
Wash exposed area immediately with soap and running water
83
Documented exposures should include (5)
- Description on how the exposure happened
- Mode of transmit ion
- Entry point
- Use of PPE
- Medical follow-up and treatment
84
Responsible for determining member's fitness-for-duty status after reviewing documentation of exposure
Fire department physician
85
Charged with investigating all fire department injuries, illness, exposures, accidents and fatalities
Health and safety officer
86
An investigation normally consists of 3 phases
1. Identification and collection of physical evidence
2. Interviews with witnesses
3. Written documentation
87
Most significant factors in preventing heart attacks (2)
- Regular medical checkups
| - Physical fitness
88
Second leading cause of firefighter fatalities
Traumatic injuries
89
Most common fatal motor vehicle collision scenario
Responding to an emergency incident in a POV
90
Third most frequent category of firefighter fatality
Asphyxiation and burn
91
HFACS Level 1
HFACS Level 2
HFACS Level 3
HFACS Level 4
HFACS Level 1 = Unsafe acts
HFACS Level 2 = Preconditions to unsafe acts
HFACS Level 3 = Unsafe supervision
HFACS Level 4 = Organizational influences
92
Four roles a fire officer must fulfill to provide a safe environment
1. Identify unsafe and hazardous environments
2. Mitigate or reduce as many problems as possible
3. Train and prepare for the remaining hazards
4. Model safe behavior
93
Two generalized schools of management
- Scientific
| - Humanistic
94
Taylor's 4 principal of scientific management
1. Replace rule-of-thumb with scientific methods
2. Scientifically select, train and develop each worker
3. Cooperate with workers to ensure the scientific methods are being followed
4. Divide work evenly between managers an workers
95
Effect that says people improve their work because of the extra attention they receive as part of the study
Hawthorn Effect
96
Theory states people do not like to work
Theory X
97
Theory state people do like to work
Theory Y
98
3 Situation in which the fire officer must behave as a Theory X manager
- Operating at fire or high-risk activity
- To take control of a workplace conflict
- At the end of a series of negative disciplinary measures
99
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1. Physiological
2. Safety, security
3. Social
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization
100
How the new fire officer can bold trust (5)
- Know the officer job
- Be consistent
- Walk your talk
- Support your firefighters
- Make firefighters feel strong
101
Blake and Mouton's managerial grid
- Indifferent
- Controlling
- Accommodating
- Status quo
- Sound
- Indifferent - Lowest level of concern for both results and people
- Controlling - High concern for results, low concern for people
- Accommodating - Low concern for results, high concern for people
- Status quo - does not value one concern over the other
- Sound - high concern for both
102
Focuses on the task of managing people using physical, financial, and time assets
Human resource management
103
Typical human resource management functions (7)
- Human resource planning
- Employee (labor) relations
- Staffing
- Human resource development
- Performance management
- Compensation and benefits
- Employee health, safety and security
104
7 steps to effective delegation
1. Define your desired results
2. Select appropriate firefighter
3. Determine level of delegation
4. Clarify expectations
5. Give authority to match responsibility
6. Provide background info
7. Arrange feedback
105
Commonly used compensation systems (3)
- Step-and-grade (most common)
- Merit-based pay
- Skilled-based pay
106
The four boarders of managing human resources
- Federal law
- Union contract
- city regulations
- Departmental policy
107
5 step approach to making a decision
1. Clear your mind
2. List options
3. Weigh outcomes
4. Make a choice
5. Evaluate decision
108
Three major leadership styles
- Autocratic
- Democratic
- Laissez-faire
109
Types of power (5)
- Legitimate
- Reward
- Expert
- Referent
- Coersive
110
Yukl provides two additional types of power
- Information
| - Ecological
111
Fire officer's primary responsibility it to ..
the team under him
112
Initial radio report should include (8)
- ID of arriving company
- Description of incident
- Conditions
- Actions
- Strategy
- Safety concerns
- Assumption, identification, location of command
- Request or release resources
113
Methods to motivate employees (5)
- Reinforcement theory
- Motivation-hygein theory
- Goal-setting theory
- Equity Theory
- Expectancy theory
114
5 overriding principals apply when motivating employees
- Recognize individual differences
- Use goals
- Ensue goals are perceived as attainable
- Individualize rewards
- Check for system equality
115
Type of motivational theory that has four types of reinforcers:
Positive, Negative, Extinction, punishment
Reinforcement Theory
116
According to this motivational theory the officer must address three considerations to motivate the individual:
- Employees believe that his effort will achieve the goal
- Employees believe that meeting the goal will lead to reward
- Employees desire for the reward or the rewards value to the employee
Expectancy theory
117
Four step method of skill training that originated in WWI
1. Preparation
2. Presentation
3. Application
4. Evaluation
118
Conscience competence learning matrix
- Level 1
- Level 2
- Level 3
- Level 4
- Level 1 - unconscious incompetence
- Level 2 - Conscious incompetence
- Level 3 - Conscious competence
- Level 4 - Unconscious competence
119
3 qualities that make for a good mentor
- Desire to help
- Current knowledge
- Effective coaching, counseling, facilitating and networking skills
120
A student looses focus after __ to __ minus of passive learning
15 to 20 minutes
121
Psychomotor skill levels can be classified into four categories
- Initial
- Plateau
- Latency
- Mastery
122
Federal regulations mandate that four topics are covered as part of any emergency service training program
- Bloodborne pathogens
- Hazmat awareness/operations
- SCBA fit test
- NIMS
123
Skills and topics that should be taught first in any training program (2)
- Fire-ground tasks that emphasize teamwork
| - Motor vehicle crashes and medical emergencies
124
Minimum flow capability of each attack and backup line used in live fire training
95 gpm
125
two separate water supplies should be capable of providing ___% of the minimum needed water at a live fire training
150%
126
5 steps of developing a training program
- Asses needs
- Establish objectives
- Develop the training program
- Deliver the training
- Evaluate the impact
127
Three types of academic accreditation
- Programs that meet specific profession or vocation
- Educational and training organizations that meet federal regulations for tuition reimbursement
- Educational institutions that meet voluntary accrediting requirements to issue degrees and academic transcripts
128
Documented 2000 tasks that a firefighter might be required to perform
Trade Analysis of Fire Fighting
129
Two organizations provide accreditation to fire service professional certification systems
- National Board on Fire Service Professional Qualifications
| - International Fire Service Accreditation Congress
130
A supervising officer candidate needs __ to __ years of experience in agency operations and ___ hours of experience as an acting unit officer
- 3 to 5 years
| - 200 hours
131
Awards the designation of:
- Chief Fire Officer
- Chief EMS Officer
- Chief Training Officer
- Fire Marshal
- Fire Officer
CPSE, the Commission of Professional Credentialing
132
Four areas of evaluation for a probationary firefighter
- Skill competency
- Progress in learning job specific information
- Progress in learning fire company district
- Performance of other job tasks
133
One of the most effective strategies within the realm of positive discipline
Empowerment
134
The first level of negative discipline
Oral reprimand, warning, admonishment
135
Skills have been shown to deteriorate if not used in ___ days
90 days
136
Hiring packet, Tax forms, Personnel actions, Evaluation reports, Grievances and formal discipline are all items that should be kept here...
Secured central repository
137
Annual evaluation process consists of 4 steps
1. Supervisor fills out evaluation form
2. Subordinate is allowed to review and comment
3. Face-to-face feedback interview
4. Establish goals for the subordinate
138
Assets on the left; Liabilities on the right
T-Account
139
Common practice is to provide ___week notification to an employee when a substandard evaluation is due
10 week
140
7 evaluation errors
- Leniency or severity
- Personal bias
- Recency
- Central tendency
- Frame of reference
- Halo and horn effect
- Contrast effect
141
Aimed at discouraging unacceptable behavior
Negative discipline
142
Steps in a progressive negative discipline system (5)
1. Council firefighter about poor performance
2. Verbally reprimand the firefighter
3. Issue written reprimand
4. Suspension
5. Termination
143
Written reprimand should contain the following (4)
- Statement of charges
- Statement that letter is official
- List of previous offenses
- Statement that similar occurrences could lead to more severe action
144
Most written reprimands will remain on file for ...
1 year
145
Suspensions usually run from ___ to ___ days
1 to 30 days
146
Formal dispensary hearing prior to suspension to allow the firefighter to formally respond to charges
Loudermill hearing
147
Level of officer identified by NFPA 1021 as one who issues formal evaluation and discipline
Fire Officer II
148
The range, scope and tasks are defined by three primary components
- Local labor contract
- Municipalities personnel regulations
- Fire departments rules, regulations and procedures
149
The international Association of firefighters was established on February 28, 1918. Three principal objectives of the IAFF at that time were…
- pay raises
- two platoon or 12 hour workday
- appointments and promotions were based on individual merit
150
Four key recommendation form the foundation of any strong supervisor – employee relationship
1. schedule regular one-on-one meetings
2. schedule regular meetings with the company as a whole
3. work together to articulate the concern to develop possible solutions
4. relationships are rocky start by listing the areas in which you can succeed together
151
The root cause of almost every labor disturbance
The failure to manage the relationship between labor and management properly
152
The non-documented verbal notifications called an "informal grievance" or step zero. This informal step requires to grievant to provide three important pieces of information
– The article and section of the labor agreement on personal regulation alleged to have been violated.
– A full statement of the grievance.
– A statement of the desired remedy or adjustment
153
Supervisor has ___ calendar days to reach a decision and provide a written reply to the grievant
10 days
154
Four federal laws that regulate the collective bargaining system
– Norris-LaGuardia act of 1932
– Wagner-Connery act of 1935
– Taft-Hartley labor act of 1947
– Landrum-Griffin act 1959
155
Yellow dog contract
Norris-LaGuardia act
156
Established the procedures that are commonly called collective-bargaining
Wagner-Connery Act
157
Five types of unfair labor practices
1. interfering with employees in a union
2. stopping a union from performing and collecting money
3. not hiring union members
4. firing union members
5. refusing to bargain with the union
158
Act gave workers right to refrain from joining a union by the unfair labor practice provisions to unions as well as to employers
Taft-Hartley labor act
159
Unions are required to engage in good faith bargaining and they ___ day cooling off.
60 day
160
Established a Bill of Rights for members of labor organizations
Landrum-Griffin act
161
Year the first paid fire department was established
1853, Cincinnati, OH
162
Two notable strikes involving federal government employees
– Postal Service worker strike, 1970
| - air traffic controller strike, 1981
163
Four objectives of a public education program
- Educate target audience
- Instruct target audience
- Inform large groups of people
- Distribute info
164
Fundamental goal of a public safety program
Prevent injury, death, or loss due to fire or other type incidents
165
Roots of fire prevention week
The great Chicago fire
166
Community emergency response team (CERT) can function effectively ___ hours after a catastrophe
72 hours
167
ABCDs of course preparation
A - Audience
B - Behavior
C - Conditions
D - Degree
168
5 step planning process to create and develop programs
- Identify the problem
- Select the method
- Design the program
- Implement the program
- Evaluate the program
169
NFPA recommends 3 steps when working with the media
- Build a strong foundation
- Use a proactive approach
- Use measured responsiveness
170
Types of problems a fire officer could be expected to encounter can be classified into four broad categories
- In-house issues
- Internal departmental issues
- External issues
- High-profile incidents
171
Systematic approach to ensuring high-quality decision making
1. Define the problem
2. Generate alternative solutions
3. Select a solution
4. Implement the solution
5. Evaluate the result
172
4 different types of internal conflict
- A co worker
- The work environment
- A fire department policy or procedure
- Fire officers own behavior, decisions, or actions
173
Conflict resolution model (4)
- Listen, take notes
- Active listening
- Paraphrase and receive feedback
- Do not explain or excuse
174
Three objectives of an investigative report
1. Identify and explain the issue
2. Provide a complete and impartial presentation of the background info and facts
3. Recommend action
175
When officer presents finding from investigation and recommended action to a supervisor there are 4 possible responses
- Take no further action
- Recommend the action requested by complainant
- Suggest an alternative solution
- Refer the issue to the office or person who can provide a remedy
176
Conflict resolution model that is effective when emotions are high (4)
1. Drain the emotional bubble
2. Understand the complainants viewpoint
3. Help the complainant feel understood
4. Identify the complainants expectation for resolution
177
Three types of citizen complaints
- Conduct or behavior of a firefighter
- Performance or service delivery
- Fire department policy
178
Fire officers play multiple roles in relation to properties within their communities, including handling these critical tasks (3)
1. identifying and correcting fire safety hazards through safety checks or code enforcement
2. developing and maintaining preincident plans
3. promoting fire safety through public education
179
NFPA 1620 outlines a standardized 6-step method for completing a preincident plan
Identify:
- Physical elements and site considerations
- Occupant considerations
- Fire protection systems
- Special hazards
- Emergency operation considerations
- Special or unusual characteristics
180
Factors that may hinder the collection of property data (3)
- Time
- Occupant resistance
- Proprietary information
181
State fire marshal may work in any one of 7 organization
- Dept of insurance
- Dept of public safety
- Separate government dept.
- Regularity agency
- State police
- Cabinet level office
- State fire commission
182
NFPA code that can be applied to both new and existing buildings
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
183
Developed through a consensus process using a network of technical committees
Model Code
184
The process by which a model code is adopted by local jurisdictions may follow one of two paths
- Adoption by reference
| - Adoption by transcription
185
Frequency a model code is updated
3 to 5 years
186
When sprinklers operated they were effective ___ % of the time, resulting in a combined performance of operating effectively in ___ % of all reported fires where sprinklers were present in the fire area and the fire was large enough to activate them
- 96%
| - 87%
187
3 primary components of a water based fire protection system
- Automatic sprinkler system
- Standpipe system
- Fire pump
188
4 types of special extinguishing systems
- Carbon dioxide
- Dry or wet chemical
- Halon/clean agent
- Foam
189
Halon 1301 is about ___% more efficient than carbon dioxide
250%
190
Most commonly used model codes classify construction into 5 basic types
- Type I = Fire resistive
- Type II = Noncombustable
- Type III = Limited combustable
- Type IV = Heavy timber
- Type V = Wood frame
191
Construction type where elements are noncombustible and are protected from the effects of fire by encasement
Type I
192
Construction type where structural elements can be made from either noncombustible or limited combustable materials
Type II
193
Construction type where exterior walls are load-bearing and are of noncombustible masonry
Type III
194
Construction type where exterior walls are load-bearing and of masonry construction and interior structural elements are unprotected wood beams and columns with large cross sectional dimensions
TypeIV
195
Underwriters Laboratory research found that Type V residences will flashover in ___ to ___ minutes
3:30 to 4:45 minutes
196
Residential subcategory identified as providing sleeping accommodations for ≤ 16 people without separate cooking facilities
Lodging or rooming house
197
Residential subcategory identified as providing sleeping accommodations for > 16 people and that is primarily used by transients, with or without meals
Hotels
198
Residential subcategory identified as providing sleeping accommodations for > 16 people not of the same family in one room or a series of closely associated rooms and without individual cooking facilities
Dormitories
199
Residential subcategory identified as providing ≥ 3 dwelling units with independent cooking and bathroom facilities
Apartment Buildings
200
Required to be affixed to containers containing hazardous materials within a structure and to each entrance into a building, on doorways to chemical storage areas, and on fixed storage tanks
NFPA 704 marking system
201
4 steps to conducting a fire inspection
1. Circle the area around the building
2. Meet the property owner/manager
3. Begin inspection on exterior and work systematically through building from the lowest to the highest
4. Write a formal report for the inspector
202
Critical hazards uncovered in an inspection must be corrected immediately. Less critical issues can be corrected in ___ to __ days
30 to 90 days
203
The school fire that produced the swiftest example of catastrophic theory of reform
Our Lady of Angels fire, killed 95
204
The emergency/disaster management and business continuity plan document is published in 6 parts
- Strategic plan
- Emergency operations/response plan
- Prevention plan
- Mitigation plan
- Recovery plan
- Continuity plan
205
Codes developed and adopted at he state level for either mandatory or optional enforcement by local governments; these codes cannot be amended by local governments
Mini/max codes
206
Budget process is a cycle that consists of 6 steps
1. Identify needs and required resources
2. Prepare a budget request
3. Local government/public review of requested budget
4. Adoption of approved budget
5. Administration of approved budget
6. close out of budget year
207
Most municipal governments use this type of budget
Base budget
208
These top three tax revenue sources make up about half of the total revenues collected by local governments
- General sales and gross receipts taxes
- Property taxes
- Individual income taxes
209
When faced with declining revenues fire departments must decrease their budgets. In order of increasingly difficulty are 5 was of making that reduction
1. Defer scheduled expenditures
2. Regionalize or consolidate services
3. Privatize or contract out elements
4. Reduce workforce
5. Reduce the size of the department
210
US Fire Administration provides a 4 step grant proposal method
1. Conduct a community and fire department needs assessment survey
2. Compare community needs with the priorities of the grant program
3. Decide what to apply for
4. Complete the application
211
Accounting system uses a database system to support line item budget
- 12
- 12345
- 123456
- 12 = Fund
- 12345 = Dept
- 123456 = Description
212
Fire department costs a generally divided into three areas
- Personnel costs (90%)
- Operating costs
- Capitol expenditures
213
Annual costs fall into two areas
- Continuity
| - Personnel
214
Budgetary process (6)
- Develop a budget proposal
- Considering expenditures
- Creating a capitol budget
- Asking for everything you need
- Determining cost recovery and reduction
215
Fiscal year
July 1 to June 30
216
Provided the foundation for NIMS (2)
- FIRESCOPE
| - Phoenix's Fire Ground Commander
217
FI RE S C O P E
```
FI - Firefighting
RE - Resources
S - Southern
C - California
O - Organized for
P - Potential
E - Emergencies
```
218
Part of NIMS
ICS
219
Core NIMS curriculum (7)
- IS 700
- ICS 100
- ICS 200
- IS 800
- ICS 300
- ICS 400
- Appropriate position-specific training
220
5 components of NIMS
- Preparedness
- Communication and information management
- Resource management
- Command and management
- Ongoing management and Maintenance
221
Primary purpose of a review process
To serve as an educational training tool
222
What the first arriving officer does in the first ___ minutes will dictate how the scene will run for the next ___
- 5 minutes
| - hour
223
For emergency operations the recommended spam of control is __ to ___
3 to 5
224
The three level of command in ICS
- Strategic
- Tactical
- Task
225
IC responsible for three strategic priorities
- Life safety
- Incident stabilization
- Property conservation
226
IC responsible for 3 aspects within operations
- Building a command structure
- Translating strategic priorities into tactical objectives
- Assigning resources that are required for the tactical assignments
227
3 command option modes
- Investigation mode
- Fast-attack mode
- Command mode
228
Immediate initial command functions (3)
- Determine strategy
- Select incident tactics
- Setting an action plan
229
Next 4 functions of command after initial functions
- Develop ICS
- Manage resources
- Coordinate resource activities
- Provide scene safety
230
Last two functions of command
- Release information about the incident
| - Coordinating with outside agencies
231
4 steps of transferring command
1. Officer assuming command communicates with initial IC
2. Initial IC briefs the new IC
3. Command is transferred only after the new IC has been briefed
4. Transfer of command is communicated to dispatch center and units on scene
232
Command staff (3)
- Safety officer
- Liaison
- Information officer
233
4 functional sections of ICS
- Operations
- Logistics
- Planning
- Administrative/Finance
234
General staff
Persons in charge of Operations, Logistics, Planning and Admin/finance
235
Section responsible for identifying the needed resources
Planning
236
Subunits to section...
- Resource unit
- Situation unit
- Documentation unit
- Demobilization unit
- Technical specialists
Planning section
237
Responsible for providing supplies, facilities, and materials
Logistics section
238
Subunits to section ...
- Supply unit
- Rehab unit
- Facilities unit
- Ground support unit
- Communication unit
- Food unit
- Medical unit
Logistics Section
239
Subunits to section...
- Time unit
- Procurement unit
- Compensation and claims unit
- Cost unit
Admin/finance section
240
Where the strategy specified in the incident action plan is converted into action
Divisions, groups and units
241
Tactical level management
Divisions, groups, units
242
Represents a geographical operation
Division
243
Represents a functional operation
Group
244
Term applied to either a geographic or functional component
Unit
245
Two to five single resources that are assembled to accomplish a specific task
Task force
246
Consists of five of the same units with an assigned leader
Strike team
247
11 Rules of Engagement developed by Seattle FD and IAFC Safety Committee
1. Size up you tactical area
2. Determine occupant survival profile
3. Do not risk you life for live and property that cannot be saved
4. Extend limited risk to protect savable property
5. Extend vigilant and measured risk to rescue savable lives
6. Go in together, stay together, come out together
7. Maintain continuous awareness of air supply, situation, location, fire conditions
8. Constantly measure fire ground communications
9. You are required to report unsafe practices or conditions
10. You are required to abandon your position and retreat before deteriorating conditions can harm you
11. Declare a mayday as soon as you think you're in danger
248
3/4 of the disoriented fire fighter deaths occurred in this type of structure
Enclosed structure
249
Some lightweight unprotected truss systems and collapse as quickly as___ minutes
6.5 minutes
250
A critical element of firefighter survival
Crew integrity
251
Ultimate responsibility for enforcing crew integrity
Company officer
252
When attempting to reconnect after separating from the crew and the firefighter cannot reconnect after ___ attempts in 1 min then the firefighter should transmit a mayday and activate the emergency button on the radio and PASS device
3 attempts
253
6 major benchmarks for checking air
- Before entry
- After going up or down stairs
- Before entering and searching a room
- After exiting a room
- After going down a hallway or aisle
- Before an after doing a labor demanding task
254
In the 2013 edition of NFPA 1981 the low air alarm activates at ___% up from the previous ___%
- 33%
| - 25%
255
4 "No Go" situations regarding the use of an SCBA
- If you do not have a full SCBA
- If you do not know your air supply at all times
- If you do not know where you are
- If you have reached your turnaround point
256
___% of errors on the foreground happen when individuals fail to intervene in a known or observed unsafe situations
74%
257
Lifeline for firefighter survival
Portable radios
258
4 factors that distinguish modern building from legacy buildings
- Larger homes
- Open house geometrics
- Increased fuel loads
- New construction materials
259
One of the most significant factors in size-up
visualization
260
Lloyd Layman's 5 step size up process
1. Facts
2. Probabilities
3. Situation
4. Decision
5. Plan of operation
261
Situation assessment in Lloyd Layman's size-up process involves 3 considerations
- Will the resources on scene and en route be sufficient
- Capabilities and limitations of responding resources
- Capabilities and limitations of personnel on scene
262
National Fire Academy size-up process (3)
- Preincident info
- Initial size-up
- Ongoing size up
263
2 major components to the IAP
1. Determination of the appropriate strategy
| 2. Development of tactics to execute the strategy
264
Lloyd Layman's R E C E O V S
```
R - Rescue
E - Exposures
C - Confinement
E - Extinguishment
O - Overhaul
```
V - Ventilation
S - Salvage
265
A fire produced ___% more heat energy when attacked by a 3 person crew rather then a 6 person crew
60 %
266
This section has a Service Branch and a Support Branch
Logistics
267
Logistics branch responsible for communications and rehab
Service branch
268
Logistics branch responsible for ensuring adequate supplies, personnel and equipment
Support branch
269
This logistics branch director is often located at a base
Support branch director
270
First priority for the support branch
Spare SCBA bottles
271
Responsible for conducting the investigation and for completing the NFIRS documents
IC
272
1st, 2nd, and 3rd most common causes of home structure fires
- Cooking (42%)
- Heating (17%)
- Intentional (8%)
273
Fire officer must understand these 3 things to determine the point of origin
- Fire behavior
- Growth
- Development
274
Michigan v. Taylor
Fire officials are charged with extinguishing fires and determining their cause
275
Three types of evidence
- Demonstrative (tangible)
- Documentary (written)
- Testimonial (Witness)
276
Investigators ultimate goal (2)
- Identify point of origin
| - Cause
277
First step in fire cause determination
Identify point of origin
278
Determining the point of origin requires the analysis of information from four sources
- Physical marks or fire patterns
- Observations by witnesses
- Analysis of the physics and chemistry
- Noting the location where electrical arching has caused damage
279
Three step process to cause determination
1. Determine source of ignition
2 Determine fuel that was first ignited
3. Determine he circumstance or human scions that allowed the ignition source and the fuel to come together
280
Two or more causes remain, the cause of the fire is considered ___
Undetermined
281
A competent ignition source has three components
- Generation
- Transmission
- Heating
282
___% of vehicle fires were caused by mechanical failure or malfunction
47%
283
First objective in vehicle fire investigations
Look for arson
284
These two fire seasons set records for both suppression costs and acres affected
2006 and 2007 fire seasons
285
Circumstances of the fire are generally divided into four classifications
1. Accidental
2. Natural
3. Incendiary
4. Undetermined
286
Most frequent ignition cause in residential fires
Unattended cooking
287
Second and third most frequent ignition cause in residential fires
- Smoking
| - Heating
288
Five general factors that indicate an intentional fire
- Disabled built in fire protection
- Delayed notification
- Accelerants and trailers
- Multiple points of origin
- Tampered or altered equipment
289
6 basic motives for arson
1. Profit
2. Crime concealment
3. Excitement
4. Spite revenge
5. Extremism
6. Vandalism
290
Fire officers first responsibility
Provide a safe fire ground
291
A civil action involving the insurance company is decided by ..
A preponderance of the evidence
292
The destructive distillation of organic compounds in an oxygen-free environment that converts the organic matter into gases, liquids and char
Pyrolysis
293
Two officer practices that affect success
- Crew resource management (CRM)
| - Leading change
294
CRM lead to accident reduction of __% in the aviation industry
80%
295
Dupont's "dirty dozen"
1. Lack of communication
2. Complacency
3. Lack of knowledge
4. Distraction
5. Lack of teamwork
6. Fatigue
7. Lack or resources
8. Pressure
9. Lack of assertiveness
10. Stress
11. Lack of awareness
12. Norms
296
2 reasons why holes appear in the layers of defense
- Active failure
| - Latent failure
297
Unsafe act committed by people who are direct contact with the situation or system
Active failure
298
Inevitable resident pathogens within the system
Latent failures
299
CRM is an error management model that incorporates 3 activities
- Avoidance
- Entrapment
- Mitigating consequences
300
CRM covers 6 areas
- Communication skills
- Teamwork
- Task allocation
- Critical decision making
- Situational awareness
- Debriefing
301
5 step assertive statement process
1. Use an opening attention getter
2. State your concern
3. State the problem
4. State a solution
5. Obtain agreement or buy-in
302
True respect is based on 3 competencies
- Personal
- Technical
- Social
303
Triangle of leadership
- Efective leadership
- Trust and respect
- Leadership skills
304
Focal point of CRM
What is right, not who is right
305
All fowlers should perform a self assessment of their ability to function as part of a team. The self assessment should consist of 4 critical areas
- Physical condition
- Mental condition
- Attitude
- Understanding human behavior
306
Fire officers fall into three categories when it comes to multitasking
- Reluctant to admit they are ever overwhelmed
- Become overwhelmed before the full complexity of the event unfolds
- Effectively asses the situation and call for addtioinal resources early
307
2 decision making models
- Recognition-primed decision making
| - Naturalistic decision making
308
6 steps to maintain emergency scene situational awareness
1. Fight the fire
2. asses problems in the time available
3. Gather information from all sources
4. Choose the best option
5. Monitor results and alter plan
6. Beware of situational loss factor
309
8 situational awareness loss factors
- Ambiguity
- Distraction
- Fixation
- Overload
- Complacency
- Improper procedure
- Unresolved discrepancy
- Nobody fighting fire
310
NFPA Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions
NFPA 1403
311
Before participating in any live fire training evolutions, the student must have received training to meet the Firefighter I performance objectives from the following sections of NFPA 1001 (3)
- Safety
- Fire behavior
- Portable extinguishers
312
NFPA standard that outlines the criteria for an incident safety officer
NFPA 1521
313
5 different live fire training scenarios
- Acquired structure
- Gas-fired training center building
- Non-gas-fired training center building
- Exterior props
- Exterior class B fire
314
Education is the process of imparting knowledge or skill through systematic instruction, whereas training as directed toward
The practical application of education to produce an action
315
Year FLSA was passed and year Public safety workers were added to it coverage (2)
- 1938 FLSA was passed
| - 1986 Safety workers were added
316
A comprehensive program directed at injury prevention
Risk Watch
317
The tactical priorities and the information obtained in the size-up are used to develop …
The IAP
318
The first step in the task allocation phase
Knowing ones own limits and the capacity if the team
319
Training and practice can improve …
Performance
