Fluids and Electrolytes

Question 1

Dehydration

Answer 1

water output exceeds intake

Question 2

Water balance

Answer 2

water output = intake

2500ml/day = 2500ml/day

Question 3

Acid

Answer 3

electrolyte that disassociates into H+ ions

Question 4

Base

Answer 4

electrolyte that disassociates and picks up a H+

releases OH- hyrdoxyl

Question 5

H+ sources

Answer 5

aerobic respiration of glucose

Question 6

Electrolyte

Answer 6

molecule dissolved in water

releases ions

Question 7

Interstitial fluid

Answer 7

extracellular

lymph

blood plasma

Question 8

Movement of fluid

Answer 8

hydrostatic pressure

osmotic pressure

Question 9

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 9

pressure from fluid volume + force (kinetic pushing pressure)

Question 10

Osmotic pressure

Answer 10

high from high concentration of solutes, attracts water

Question 11

Osmosis

Answer 11

diffusion of water from a region with low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

through semipermeable membranes

Question 12

Inhibition of thirst

Answer 12

act of drinking

distention of stomach wall

neg. feedback

Question 13

Primary means of regulating water balance

Answer 13

urine formation

moderate environment

Question 14

Diuresis

Answer 14

formation or production of urine

Question 15

Diuretic

Answer 15

promotes diuresis

Question 16

Electrolyte intake

Answer 16

normal eating and drinking

metabolic processes

Question 17

PTH

Answer 17

released by parathyroid gland

response to low Ca 2+

increases calcium

Question 18

Calcitonin

Answer 18

released by thyroid gland in response to high blood Ca 2+

lowers calcium

Question 19

Blood pH

Answer 19

slightly alkaline 7.35-7.45

alkalosis = high pH >7.45

acidosis = low pH <7.35

Question 20

Respirator center

Answer 20

secondary defense vs. pH change

slow

Question 21

Kidneys

Answer 21

secondary defense vs. pH change

1-3 days

Question 22

Ascites

Answer 22

painful abdominal distention due to accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

Question 23

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 23

not breathing, retaining O2, lower pH

acid, choking/asthma/pneumonia

Question 24

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 24

hyperventilation, excessive loss of CO2

pH is higher

Question 25

Extracellular fluid

Answer 25

37% volume of total H2O fluids + electrolytes outside of cell membranes of tissue cells interstitial/transcellular

Question 26

Intracellular fluid

Answer 26

63% volume of total H2O fluids + electrolytes enclosed in the membranes of tissue cells

Question 27

Transcellular fluid

Answer 27

extracellular within body cavities lined with specialized epithelium CSF synovial serous aqueous/vitreous humor exocrine secretions

Question 28

Regulation of water balance

Answer 28

kidney structures impermeable to water unless posterior pituitary releases ADH ADH makes water reabsorption (nephrons)

Question 29

ADH

Answer 29

anti diuretic hormone normally reduces urine output by 1000ml/day if water intake is adequate or excessive, ADH is inhibited (alcohol also inhibits)

Question 30

Electrolyte output

Answer 30

perspiration/pooping

Question 31

Aldosterone

Answer 31

90% of extracellular ions are Na+ secreted by adrenal cortex regulates Na+ and inversely K+

Question 32

Acid base buffer

Answer 32

Number 1 defense against pH changes buffers respond immediately bicarbonate phosphate protein

Question 33

Water levels

Answer 33

40L total 52% volume in females 63% volume in males

Question 34

Extracellular ions

Answer 34

high Na+ and Cl- (bicarbonate)

Question 35

Intracellular ions

Answer 35

high K+, PO4(3-), SO4(2-), Mg2+ higher protein concentration to maintain higher osmotic pressure

Question 36

Thirst

Answer 36

primary means of fluid intake rising osmotic pressure in extracellular fluids, CSF, detected by hypothalamus osmoreceptors in thirst center

Question 37

Water intoxification

Answer 37

infancy body tissue swells inadequate kidney function and hypersensitivity to blood

Question 38

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 38

dry heaving/diarrhea (intestinal) excessive loss of bases kidneys can't remove acids excessive acid production in diabetes mellitus too much acid

Question 39

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 39

gastric drainage vomiting gastric secretions loss of acid too much base