1
Q
FOOT JOINTS
A
FOOT JOINTS
2
Q
What type of joint are the intertarsal joints?
A
planar type synovial
3
Q
What are the 4 main intertarsal joints?
A
- subtalar (talocalcaneal)
- talonavicular
- surgical subtalar
- transverse tarsal
The other joints have strong interosseous ligaments.
4
Q
The subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint is between which two tarsal bones and acts to do what?
A
- located between the talus and calcaneous
- acts to transfer body weight from talus to calcaleous
5
Q
What type of joint is the talonavicular joint?
A
synovial ball and socket
6
Q
The surgical subtalar is a combination of what two joints? What is another name for it?
A
- talocalcaneal and talonavicular
- talocalcaneonavicular
7
Q
What is the transverse tarsal joint a combination of?
This compound joint allows rotation around a longitudinal axis contributing to what?
A
- calcaneocuboid + talonavicular
- inversion and eversion
8
Q
What is the function of the other intertarsal joints?
Do they have movement?
A
- primarily act to absorb shock and dissipate it
- have a little wobble, but no appreciable movement
9
Q
What type of joints are the tarsometatarsal joints?
A
planar synovial joints
10
Q
What type of joints are the intermetatarsal joints?
A
planar synovial joints
11
Q
What are the ligaments associated with the intermetatarsal joints?
A
- strong capsule
- strong interosseous ligaments
- deep transverse ligaments distally
12
Q
What do the deep distal transverse ligaments do?
A
They tie all 5 metatarsals together distally.
13
Q
Unlike the hand, the 1st digit of the foot is permanently _______.
A
Permanently adducted to the remaining digits
14
Q
What type of joint are the metatarsalphalangeal joints?
A
condyloid synovial
15
Q
What are the ligaments of the metatarsalphalangeal joints?
A
- strong capsule
- collateral ligaments
- plantar ligaments
16
Q
The collateral ligaments are loose to allow slight what?
A
ab/adduction
17
Q
The plantar ligaments limit what?
A
extension
18
Q
What types of joints are the interphalangeal joints?
A
hinge type synovial
19
Q
What are the ligaments of the interphalangeal joints?
A
- strong capsule
- collateral ligaments
- plantar ligaments
20
Q
How do the collateral and plantar ligaments of the IP joints act different than those of the MTP joints?
A
The only difference is that the collateral ligaments of the interphalangeal joints are tight to prevent ab/adduction. They aren’t loose like the MCP collateral ligaments are.
21
Q
FOOT ARCHES
A
FOOT ARCHES
22
Q
What are the three arches of the foot?
A
- medial
- lateral
- transverse
23
Q
What do the arches allow?
A
Distribution of body weight between heel and balls of the feet for a 2 point transfer.
24
Q
There are _ points through the stance limb when walking, and _ points when standing erect.
A
2,4
25
These points and arches act as both a ________ and as a ________.
- shock absorber
| - spring board- provide propulsion force during the push-off part of the stance phase
26
Which arch is the more important longitudinal arch?
medial
27
What bones form the medial longitudinal arch?
- calcaneous
- talus
- navicular
- 3 cuneiforms
- metatarsals 1-3
28
What is the weight distribution of the medial longitudinal arch?
-talus to posterior calcaneous and head of the three metatarsals
29
Which arch is the least important of the longitudinal arches?
lateral
30
What bones form the lateral longitudinal arch?
- calcaneous
- cuboid
- metatarsals 4 and 5
31
What is the weight distribution of the lateral longitudinal arch?
-calcaneous to cuboid and head of metatarsals 4 and 5
32
What bones does the longitudinal arch run through?
- cuboid
- cuneiforms
- bases of metatarsals
33
What is the transverse arch maintained by?
- shape of bones
- ligaments- deep and superficial transverse
- tendons- fibularis longus, tibialis posterior
- muscles- adductor hallicus
34
What muscle and what muscle tendons act to maintain the transverse arch?
- Fibularis Longus Muscle Tendon
- Tibialis Posterior Muscle Tendon
- Adductor Hallicus Muscle
35
What are the passive factors maintaining the arches of the foot?
- plantar aponeurosis
- long plantar ligament
- short plantar (calcaneocuboidal) ligament
- spring (calcaneonavicular) ligament
This is in order from inferior to superior (bottom of foot to top)
36
What is the plantar aponeurosis?
deep fascia running from heel to balls of feet
37
Where is the long plantar ligament?
heel to bases of metatarsals 2-5
38
What is the function of the spring (calcaneonavicular) ligament?
Acts to support the head of the talus between the calcaneous and the navicular to keep the talus the high point of the medial longitudinal arch.
39
What are the active factors maintaining the arches?
- Intrinsic muscles of the foot
- Thenar group
- Hypothenar group
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Adductor hallicus
- Muscles of the leg whose tendons cross foot joints
- flexor hallucis and flexor digitorum
- fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
40
- What are the muscles of the thenar group?
| - What arch do they maintain?
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor hallucis brevis
-Maintain the medial longitudinal arch
41
- What are the muscles of the hypothenar group?
| - What arch do they maintain?
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Flexor digiti minimi
- Opponens digiti minimi
-Maintain the lateral longitudinal arch
42
What arch does the flexor digitorum brevis maintain?
Both lateral and medial arches
43
What arch does the adductor hallucis maintain?
Transverse arch
44
Leg muscles that support arches:
- What arch does the flexor hallucis and flexor digitorum longus maintain?
- What arch does the fibularis longus and tibialis posterior maintain?
- longitudinal
| - transverse arch
45
FOOT DIVISIONS
FOOT DIVISIONS
46
What are the three zones of the foot and what bones do they consist of?
- Hindfoot= talus and calcaneous
- Midfoot= navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
- Forefoot= consists of metatarsals and phalanges
47
What are the 4 compartments of the foot?
- Medial
- Central
- Lateral
- Interosseous
48
The medial compartment is also the _______, while the lateral is the __________.
- thenar
| - hypothenar
49
What are the parts of the skin and fascia?
- dorsum of foot
- plantar surface = sole = heel and balls of feet
- plantar fascia
- plantar aponeurosis
- forms digital sheaths
- forms superficial transverse ligament
50
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
51
What is the main function of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
Work together to maintain the arches of the foot when weight is loaded on them during stance phase.
52
The intrinsic foot muscles are divided into how many layers?
4 layers
53
What are the 3 muscles of the 1st layer?
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Abductor digiti minimi
54
What nerve innervates the 1st layer of the intrinsic foot muscles?
tibial nerve
55
Abductor hallucis:
- Attachment
- The abductor hallucis goes from the _______ to the _______.
- Action
- What are the actions of the abductor hallucis?
- calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis
- proximal phalanx of digit 1
- abduct digit 1
- maintain medial longitudinal arch and provide cushioning
56
Flexor digitorum brevis:
- Attachment
- The flexor digitorum brevis goes from _______ to __________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the flexor digitorum brevis?
- calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis
- middle phalanx of digit 2-5
- flex digits 2-5
- maintain medial and lateral longitudinal arches and act as a cushion
57
Abductor digiti minimi:
- Attachment
- The abductor digiti minimi goes from the __________ to the ___________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the abductor digiti minimi?
- calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis
- proximal phalanx of digit 5
- abduct digit 5
- maintain the lateral longitudinial arch and provide cushioning
58
What are the 2 muscles of the 2nd layer?
- Quadratus plantae
| - Lumbricles
59
What are the 2nd layer muscles innervated by?
tibial nerve
60
Quadratus plantae:
- Attachment
- The quadratus plantae goes from the _________ to the _________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the quadratus plantae?
- calcaneus
- tendon flexor digitorum longus
-maintain orientation flexor digitorum longus
61
Lumbricles:
- Attachment
- The lumbricals go from the ________ to the _________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the lumbricals?
- tendons flexor digitorum longus
- extensor expansion digits 2-5
- flex at metatarsophylangeal joints digit 2-5
- extend at interphalangeal joints digit 2-5
62
What are the 3 muscles of the 3rd layer?
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Adductor hallucis
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis
63
What are the 3rd layer muscles innervated by?
tibial nerve
64
Flexor hallucis brevis:
- Attachment
- The flexor hallucis brevis goes from the ________ to the __________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the flexor hallucis brevis?
- cuboid and lateral cuneiform
- split attachment medial and lateral sides of proximal phalange of 1st digit
- flexion of digit 1 MTP
- maintain orientation flexor digitorum longus
65
Adductor hallucis (2 heads)
- Attachment
- The oblique head of the adductor hallucis goes from the _______ to the ________.
- The transverse head goes from the __________ to the ____________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the adductor hallucis?
- base of metatarsal 2-4
- lateral side base of prox phalange digit 1
- plantar lig metatarsophalangeal joints
- lateral side base of prox phalange digit 1
-main function is to maintain the transverse arch and provide cushioning
66
Flexor digiti minimi brevis:
- Attachment
- The flexor digiti minimi brevis goes from the _______ to the ________.
-Action
What are the actions of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
- base of metatarsal 5
- base proximal phalangae 5
-flex digit 5
67
At the attachment point of the flexor hallucis brevis, we have 2 sesmoid bones that keep what from collapsing on the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus? (Turf Toe)
digital sheath
68
What are the 2 muscles of the 4th layer?
- Plantar interossi
| - Dorsal Interossi
69
What are the 4th layer muscles innervated by?
tibial nerve
70
Plantar interossi:
- Attachment
- The plantar interossi go from the _______ to the __________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the plantar interossi?
- metatarsal 3-5
- extensor expansion 3-5
- adduct digit 3-5 (digit 2 is reference)
- flex metatarsophylangeal joints
- extend interphalangeal joints
71
Dorsal interossi:
- Attachment
- The dorsal interossi go from _______ to _________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the dorsal interossi?
- metatarsals 1-5
- extensor expansion 2-4 (digit 2 has a medial and lateral dorsal interossi, digit 3 and 4 have lateral one)
- abduct digit 3-4 (move away digit 2 reference)
- ab and adduct digit 2
- flex metatarsophylangeal joints digits 2-4
- extend interphylangeal joints digit 2-4
72
What are the 2 muscles on the dorsum of the foot?
- Extensor digitorum brevis
| - Extensor hallucis brevis
73
What are the muscles of the dorsum foot innervated by?
deep fibular nerve
74
Extensor digitorum brevis:
- Attachment
- The extensor digitorum brevis goes from the _________ to the ________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the extensor digitorum brevis?
- calcaneus
- extensor expansion 2-4
-extend digits 2-4
75
Extensor hallucis brevis:
- Attachment
- The extensor hallucis brevis goes from the ________ to the ________.
- Action
- What are the actions of the extensor hallucis brevis?
- calcaneus
- extensor expansion digit 1
-extend digit 1
Anatomy Exam 3
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