From Cells to Organ Systems

Question 1

why does multicellularity enable cells to specialize?

Answer 1

Because the organism as a whole works to maintain internal homeostasis

Question 2

why does multicellularity require cells to specialize?

Answer 2

to carry out functions for the orgainsm as a whole

Question 3

Four types of tissues

Answer 3

Epithelial
Connective Muscle
Nervous

Question 4

3 functions of epithelial tissues

Answer 4

1. Protective coverings
2. Barriers controlling access into and out of extracellular fluid
3. Secretory

Question 5

2 types of epitelial layers

Answer 5

Simple and stratified

Question 6

type of epithelial tissue that is a single cell layer, thin, and easily penetrated. Often used for exchange and secretion

Answer 6

simple epithelial tissue

Question 7

type of epithelial tissue that has multiple cell layers, thick and difficult to penetrate

Answer 7

Stratified

Question 8

epithelial tissue for protection against abrasion

Answer 8

stratified

Question 9

3 Types of Cell Shapes in Simple Epithelial Tissues

Answer 9

1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar

Question 10

flat and thin cells that form skin and some exchange linings

Answer 10

squamous epithelial tissues

Question 11

type of epithelial tissue cell that is more or less cubic, forms glandular linings and kidney tubules

Answer 11

cuboidal

Question 12

epithelial tissues that are taller than they are wide and form lining of most of digestive tract

Answer 12

columnar

Question 13

Cells are attached to what basement membrane?

Answer 13

proteinaceous

Question 14

How are cells attached to the proteinaceous basement membrane?

Answer 14

1. Tight junctions
2. Adhesion junctions
3. Gap junctions

Question 15

What is another word for the proteinaceous basement membrane?

Answer 15

extracellular substance

Question 16

secretory, unicellular or multicellular epithelial structures are called…

Answer 16

Glands

Question 17

2 types of glands

Answer 17

Exocrine

Endocrine

Question 18

Type of gland with a duct that empties onto an epithelial surface internally or externally

Answer 18

Exocrine

Question 19

Type of epithelial gland that is ductless and secretes directly into blood and extracellular fluid, producing hormones

Answer 19

Endocrine

Question 20

what lines body cavities and sheathing and suspending organs

Answer 20

Organismal membranes

Question 21

Tissues that contribute to organismal membranes other than epithelia is…

Answer 21

1. Mucous membrane
2. Serous membrane
3. Cutenous membrane

Question 22

the acellular extracellular matrix in connective tissues is made up of…

Answer 22

a ground substance and fibres (collagen, elastin)

Question 23

what forms the bulk of connective tissues?

Answer 23

matrix

Question 24

Roles of connective tissues

Answer 24

1. Structural (bones, cartilage)
2. Transport (blood)
3. Energy storage (fat)

Question 25

Basic matrix of connective tissues is...

Answer 25

glycoprotein/carbohydrate complexes

Question 26

type of connective tissue that has few fibres, loosely arranged packing and often found under skin and around organs

Answer 26

Loose connective tissue

Question 27

fibres that are predominate in connective tissue matrix

Answer 27

dense regular connective tissue

Question 28

types of connective tissue in tendons and ligaments

Answer 28

dense regular connective tissue

Question 29

types of connective tissue in organs and joint capsules

Answer 29

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 30

type of connective tissue in bladder

Answer 30

elastic connective tissue

Question 31

tissue specialized for the storage of fats

Answer 31

adipose tissue

Question 32

solid, pliable collagenous matrix with chondroblasts in small lacunae

Answer 32

Cartilage

Question 33

connective tissue that has mineralized ground substance

Answer 33

bone

Question 34

a large ground substance (water) component

Answer 34

blood

Question 35

Blood and bone are both what type of tissue

Answer 35

connective

Question 36

contractile cells used to move entire body

Answer 36

muscle tissues

Question 37

tissue made of neurons and glial cells that generate and transmit action potentials

Answer 37

nervous tissue

Question 38

name for a structure composed of two or more tissue types acting together to perform function

Answer 38

Organ

Question 39

a group of organs with functions coordinated and integrated for a broad survival function

Answer 39

organ system

Question 40

two major body cavities

Answer 40

Posterior and Anterior

Question 41

which body cavity is composed of cranial cavity and vertebral canal, as well as overall central nervous system?

Answer 41

Posterior cavity

Question 42

The posterior cavity is largely encased by....

Answer 42

bone

Question 43

What is the anterior cavity composed of?

Answer 43

Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 44

three planes of symmetry

Answer 44

1. Sagittal 2. Frontal 3. Transverse

Question 45

4 Anatomical directions

Answer 45

1. Superior/Inferior 2. Anterior/Posterior 3. Proximal/Distal 4. Deep/Superficial

Question 46

What does the midsagital plane cut through?

Answer 46

middle of front facing body, between eyebrows

Question 47

Describe the inferior direction of the body

Answer 47

furthest from the head or toward lower part of structure

Question 48

the plane that divides the top part of body and body is called

Answer 48

transverse

Question 49

Where is the frontal plane?

Answer 49

Divides the front and back of human

Question 50

to minimize the work that cells must do to maintain their own intracellular volumes and solute compositions, what must the the organism do?

Answer 50

maintain constancy in the solute composition and volume of the body's extracellular fluid

Question 51

what is another word for enzymes?

Answer 51

catalysts

Question 52

proteins that make the reaction happen more quickly are called

Answer 52

enzymes

Question 53

What are enzymes critical for?

Answer 53

metabolism

Question 54

Enzyme shape is dependent upon...

Answer 54

temperature and ph

Question 55

two types of feedback systems

Answer 55

positive and negative

Question 56

2 components of feedback systems

Answer 56

controlled variable and sensor

Question 57

term for any variable aspect of the internal environment which the body can manipulate

Answer 57

controlled variable

Question 58

term for an organ which moniters a particular controlled variable

Answer 58

sensor

Question 59

term for an organ which received input from the sensor, integrates it and compares it to a set point, then initiates action if necessary

Answer 59

control centre

Question 60

term for organs which are stimulated by the control centre to take actions which alter the level of the controlled variable

Answer 60

effectors

Question 61

type of feedback loop where all deviations from the norm trigger response that drive the system back toward the norm (the setpoint)

Answer 61

negative feedback loop

Question 62

what types of feedback loops are homeostatic mechinisms?

Answer 62

negative

Question 63

the controlled variabel in thermoregulation is

Answer 63

core body temperature

Question 64

the sensor in thermoregulation is

Answer 64

small organs in skin and viscera

Question 65

the control centre and setpoint for thermoregulation is

Answer 65

hypothalamus

Question 66

the4 effectors in thermoregulation are

Answer 66

skeletal muscles, blood vessels, sweat glands and thyroid gland

Question 67

type of feedback loop that is a deviation from the norm that triggers response that drives the system further away from the norm

Answer 67

positive feedback loop

Question 68

types of processes positive feedback loops act for:

Answer 68

labour and blood clotting