Sensory System

Question 1

the process by which external energy is received at sensory organs and transduced into electrical signals

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

our interpretation of neural signals

Answer 2

perception

Question 3

3 steps for interpretation of electrical signals by brain

Answer 3

1. Physical stimulus
2. Transduction
3. Perception

Question 4

4 types of mechanoreceptors

Answer 4

1. Touch/Pressue
2. Vibration
3. Stretch
4. Hearing
5. Balance

Question 5

Termoreceptors receive what type of stimulus

Answer 5

temperature

Question 6

5 types of receptors

Answer 6

1. Mechanoreceptors
2. Thermoreceptors
3. Pain Receptors
4. Chemoreceptors
5. Photoreceptors

Question 7

Chemoreceptors detect what two types of sensations

Answer 7

taste and smell

Question 8

What can alter perception?

Answer 8

pre-existing states

Question 9

5 types of receptors in the skin

Answer 9

1. Unencapsulated dendritic endings
2. Merkel Disks
3. Meissner’s corpuscles
4. Ruffini endings
5. Pacinian corpuscles

Question 10

naked endings of sensory neurons around hairs and near the skin surface that signal pain, light pressure and changes in temperature

Answer 10

unencapsulated dendritic endings

Question 11

modified unencapsulated dendritic endings that detect light touch and pressure

Answer 11

merkel disks

Question 12

encapsulated touch receptors located close to the skin surface that detect the beginning and end of light pressure touch

Answer 12

meissner’s corpuscles

Question 13

receptors that respond to continually ongoing pressure on skin

Answer 13

ruffini endings

Question 14

nerve endings in dermis that respons to either deep pressure or high frequency vibration

Answer 14

pacinian corpuscles

Question 15

the nerve ending of a pacinian corpuscle is covered by loose layers of

Answer 15

connective tissue

Question 16

specialized structures for monitering muscle length

Answer 16

muscle spindles

Question 17

a small bundle of modified skeletal muscle cells located within a skeletal muscle

Answer 17

muscle spindle

Question 18

ruffini ending indicate

Answer 18

limb position and object shape

Question 19

ruffini endings respond to

Answer 19

stretch

Question 20

what speed of adaptation do meissner’s corpuscles have?

Answer 20

rapidly adapting

Question 21

the semi rigid epthelial cell in skin

Answer 21

merkel disk

Question 22

nocireceptors are also called

Answer 22

free nerve endings

Question 23

sounds are waves of

Answer 23

compressed air

Question 24

both intensity and perceived loudness are related to

Answer 24

the amplitude of sound waves

Question 25

sound waves are measured in

Answer 25

decibles (dB)

Question 26

hearing loss can result from exposure to sounds louder than...

Answer 26

85dB

Question 27

the tone/pitch or a sound is determined by its...

Answer 27

frequency

Question 28

the number of wave cycles that pass a given point per second

Answer 28

frequency

Question 29

the outer ear consists of

Answer 29

the pinna and auditory cannal

Question 30

the auditory canal channels sounds waves into the...

Answer 30

tympanic membrane

Question 31

another name for the tympanic membrane is

Answer 31

the ear drum

Question 32

an air-filled chamber within the temporal bone of the skill, bridged by three small bones

Answer 32

the middle ear

Question 33

the three small bones in the middle ear are called

Answer 33

``` the malleus (hammer) the incus (anvil) the stapes (stirrup) ```

Question 34

the three bones in the ear vibrate when...

Answer 34

sound waves strike and vibrate the tympanic membrane

Question 35

the stapes, when vibrating, touches a smaller membrane called

Answer 35

the oval window

Question 36

the vibrating force that concentrates down from the ear drum to the oval window causes

Answer 36

amplification

Question 37

The air filled middle ear is kept at atmospheric pressure by...

Answer 37

the auditory tube

Question 38

another word for the auditory tube is called

Answer 38

the eustachian tube

Question 39

the narrow tube that runs from the middle ear to the throat

Answer 39

eustachian tube

Question 40

the inner ear sort sounds by tone and converts them into...

Answer 40

impulses

Question 41

the inner ear consists of

Answer 41

cochlea, vestibular apparatus

Question 42

the cochlea contains two interconnected outer canals called

Answer 42

the vestibular canal and tympanic canal

Question 43

the third, close fluid filled space in cochlea is called

Answer 43

the cochlear duct

Question 44

the base of the cochlear duct is formed by

Answer 44

the basilar membrane

Question 45

what types of cells are in the basilar membrane?

Answer 45

hair cells

Question 46

together, hair cells and tectorial membrane in the ear are called

Answer 46

the organ of corti

Question 47

what does the organ of corti do?

Answer 47

converts pressure waves to action potentials

Question 48

when sound waves strike the oval window, it generates pressure waves in the watery fluid of the...

Answer 48

vestibular canal

Question 49

after the cochlea, waves strike another membrane called

Answer 49

the round window

Question 50

what does the round window do?

Answer 50

bulges in and out in synchronicity with the oval window, reducing some pressure

Question 51

because hairs in ear are embedded inthe less movable tectorial membrane, vibration of the basilar membrane causes hairs to...

Answer 51

bend

Question 52

the physical movement of hairs in inner ear causes

Answer 52

the release of more or less neurotransmitter, depending on which way the hairs are bent

Question 53

the white, tough outer coat of the eye

Answer 53

sclera

Question 54

the clear layer over the front of the eye

Answer 54

cornea

Question 55

the fluid that nourishes and cushions the cornea and lens are called

Answer 55

the aqueous humor

Question 56

the colored, disk shaped muscle that determines how much light enters the eye

Answer 56

iris

Question 57

the adjustable opening in the center of the iris

Answer 57

pupil

Question 58

the transparent, flexible structure attached by connective tissue fibres

Answer 58

lens

Question 59

the ring of circularly arranged smooth muscle attached to the lens

Answer 59

ciliary muscle

Question 60

the eye is filled with

Answer 60

virteous humor

Question 61

the layers are the back and sides of the eye

Answer 61

retina

Question 62

the retina is composed of

Answer 62

photoreceptor cells, neurons, and a few blood vessels

Question 63

nerve at the back of eyeball that carries information to the thalamus

Answer 63

optic nerve

Question 64

the central region of the retina where photoreceptor density is the highest

Answer 64

the macula

Question 65

the area where the axons of the optic nerve and associated blood vessels exit the eye

Answer 65

optic disk

Question 66

the iris adjusts the amount of light entering the eye with

Answer 66

two sets of smooth muscle

Question 67

the cornea is responsible for

Answer 67

bending most incoming light

Question 68

the outermost layer of the retina consists of

Answer 68

pigmented cells that absorb light not captured by photoreceptor cells

Question 69

the second layer of retina is called

Answer 69

rods and cones

Question 70

the rods and cones synapse with the third layer of neurons called

Answer 70

bipolar cells

Question 71

what do bipolar cells do?

Answer 71

process and integrate info and then pass it on to the fourth layer

Question 72

the innermost layer of the retina consists of

Answer 72

ganglion cells

Question 73

the long axons of the ganglion cells become

Answer 73

the optic nerve

Question 74

the flattened disks on rods and cones contain numerous molecules of a particular light sensitive protein callled....

Answer 74

photopigment

Question 75

when a photopigment is exposed to light energy, what happens?

Answer 75

it changes in shape

Question 76

the change in photopigment shape causes the photorecpetor to....

Answer 76

close some of its sodium channels and reduce the amount of neurotransmitter that it normally releases

Question 77

Rods provide vision for...

Answer 77

dim light

Question 78

between rods and cones, what are more numerous in periphery?

Answer 78

rods

Question 79

what do we have more of? Rods or cones?

Answer 79

Rods

Question 80

for near objects, what happens to ciliary muscles?

Answer 80

they contract and get the lens to bulge

Question 81

to focus on distant objects, what happens to the ciliary muscles?

Answer 81

relax to pull lens and flatten it

Question 82

term for the adjustment of lens curvature so we can focus on either near or far objects

Answer 82

accomodation

Question 83

medical term for nearsightedness

Answer 83

myopia

Question 84

term for farsightedness

Answer 84

hyperopia

Question 85

the focal plane for hyperopia is where

Answer 85

behind the retina

Question 86

astigmatisms (blurred vision) are due to

Answer 86

abnormal curvature of either the cornea or the lens

Question 87

glaucoma causes an increase in

Answer 87

ocular pressure

Question 88

macular degeneration is caused by

Answer 88

a detached retina

Question 89

cataracts is caused by

Answer 89

an opaque lens

Question 90

most of the receptors for taste are located where?

Answer 90

on the edges and front and back of tongue

Question 91

the small projection on tongue are called

Answer 91

papillae

Question 92

what are located on the surface of papillae?

Answer 92

taste buds

Question 93

the chemoreceptors in taste cells are called

Answer 93

tastants

Question 94

odors are detected by what kind of receptor cells?

Answer 94

olfactory receptor cells