The Digestive System and Nutrition

Question 1

the basic body plan of bilateral animals is…

Answer 1

a tube within a tube

Question 2

What is another word for the outer tube of the gut?

Answer 2

body wall

Question 3

What is another word for the inner tube of the gut?

Answer 3

gut

Question 4

what are the four layers of the idealized gut from inside to out?

Answer 4

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Serosa
4) Musculares

Question 5

the inner most epithelial layer where absorption and secretion take place

Answer 5

mucosa

Question 6

the very thin outer layer of the gut of connective tissue and serous membrane

Answer 6

serosa

Question 7

layer of gut that serves as route for nerves

Answer 7

serosa

Question 8

layer of gut containing lymph and blood vessels that carry off absorbed nutrients

Answer 8

submucosa

Question 9

the two sublayers of smooth muscle in the gut

Answer 9

muscularis

Question 10

what is motility?

Answer 10

moving food along, breaking it down mechanically

Question 11

what part of gut allows motility of food

Answer 11

muscularis

Question 12

what is a good visual example of peristalsis?

Answer 12

snake swallowing food whole

Question 13

what process moves food back and forth to mix food with digestive juices during peristalsis?

Answer 13

segmentation

Question 14

the release of various enzymes into lumen of gut for digestion and lubrication

Answer 14

secretion

Question 15

2 types of digestion

Answer 15

mechanical and chemical

Question 16

type of digestion that is the physical breakup of large food particles into smaller pieces

Answer 16

mechanical

Question 17

type of digestion involved in breaking chemical bonds with nutrient molecules

Answer 17

chemical digestion

Question 18

what part of saliva binds the mucus to be thick

Answer 18

mucins

Question 19

what is secreted from salivary glands?

Answer 19

Saliva, mucins, and bicarbonate ions

Question 20

what do bicarbonate ions in the mouth do?

Answer 20

buffer mouth ph so amylase can function

Question 21

what is in saliva that helps chemical digestion?

Answer 21

salivary amylase

Question 22

what does teeth help with?

Answer 22

mechanical digestion

Question 23

deglutition is another word for…

Answer 23

swallowing

Question 24

swalling is a for of…

Answer 24

motility

Question 25

What is the name for chewed food that the tongue forms

Answer 25

bolus

Question 26

The forcing of the bolus into the pharynx triggers...

Answer 26

swallowing reflec

Question 27

what closes during swalling?

Answer 27

epiglottis

Question 28

what process takes the bolus down the esophagus into the stomach?

Answer 28

peristalsis

Question 29

what comes first for the bolus? pharynx or esophagus?

Answer 29

pharynx

Question 30

the muscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach is called

Answer 30

esophagus

Question 31

4 functions of the stomach:

Answer 31

1) Stores chewed and swallowed food 2) mixes food with gastric juice to form chyme 3) continues and elaborates chemical digestion 4) regulates passage of chyme into small intestine

Question 32

4 regions of the stomach (moving down)

Answer 32

1) Cardia 2) Fundus 3) Body 4) Pylorus

Question 33

folds in stomach that allow stomach to stretch considerably

Answer 33

rugae

Question 34

3 layers of stomach

Answer 34

1) Circular 2) Longitudinal 3) Oblique

Question 35

what do the lower esophageal sphincter and the pyloric sphincter do?

Answer 35

create peristaltic contractions to force chyme to mix and move toward pyloric sphincter

Question 36

time it takes to empty and force contractions of a meal

Answer 36

2-6 hours

Question 37

how much gastic juices do perople secrete per day?

Answer 37

2L

Question 38

secretion of gastic juices are stimulated by...

Answer 38

direct food signals

Question 39

components of gastric juices (4)

Answer 39

1. Water 2. Mucus 3. HCl 4. Pepsinogens

Question 40

What does the HCl in gastric juice do?

Answer 40

increase acidity, helps break down food into semiliquid chyme

Question 41

what do pepsinogens do?

Answer 41

digest proteins

Question 42

secretion of bicarbonate and mucus from mucosa form what layer ?

Answer 42

gastric mucousal barrier

Question 43

what does the gastric mucousal barrier do?

Answer 43

prevents absorption across gastic mucosa

Question 44

the organ in which the greatest diversity of chemical digestion and absorption

Answer 44

small intestine

Question 45

How many regions are in the small intestine?

Answer 45

3

Question 46

mucosa and submucosa are folded into...

Answer 46

plicae

Question 47

in the small intestine, the mucosa develops into...

Answer 47

villi

Question 48

each cell in the mucosa of the small intestine are topped with...

Answer 48

microvilli

Question 49

what do microvilli and plicae and villi all do in the small intestine?

Answer 49

increase the internal surface area

Question 50

each villus in the small intestine encloses a small capillary plexus and lacteal for what?

Answer 50

transport of absorbed nutrients

Question 51

What does the intestinal mucosa divide the lumen of the gut from ?

Answer 51

extracellular fluid pool

Question 52

3 accessory glands

Answer 52

pancreas, liver and gallbladder

Question 53

most of the fluids secretes in the small intestine come from....

Answer 53

accessory organs

Question 54

what does pancreatic juice break down?

Answer 54

proteins, sugars, nucleic acids

Question 55

what stimulates the production of pancreatic juice?

Answer 55

chyme in the duodenum

Question 56

function of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice

Answer 56

neutralize gastic HCl

Question 57

what types of transport are used across the epithelial cells of mucosa with pancreatic juice?

Answer 57

active and fascilitated transport

Question 58

once nutrients are transported through the mucosa?

Answer 58

they go into capillaries for transport away from digestive system

Question 59

digestion of proteins, sugars and nucleic acids by pacreatic juice is what type of digestion?

Answer 59

chemical

Question 60

fat digestion is partly by pancreatic enzymes and partly...

Answer 60

bile from the liver

Question 61

where is bile stored when food is not in intestine?

Answer 61

gall bladder

Question 62

What do bile salts do to fat?

Answer 62

emulsify fat globules as a form of mechanical digestion

Question 63

emulsified, digested fatty acids and monoglycerides form what in fat digestion

Answer 63

micelles

Question 64

what does water based pancreatic lipases do?

Answer 64

effectively digest fats in smaller globules

Question 65

another word for the large intestine

Answer 65

colon

Question 66

whatever is not absorbed in the small intestine moves into the...

Answer 66

colon

Question 67

what is reabsorbed in the large intestine?

Answer 67

water and salts

Question 68

how many bacteria are in your large intestine?

Answer 68

15 trillion

Question 69

what role does the central nervous system have in digestive system?

Answer 69

local blood flow (maintaining conditions for proper operation)

Question 70

the role of the autonomic of nervous system play in the digestive system?

Answer 70

stimulates gut in response to sensory cue (sight or smell of food)

Question 71

what is the enteric nervous system

Answer 71

cluster of nerves in the gut