The Skeletal System

Question 1

5 types of connective tissue that make up the skeletal system

Answer 1

1. Bone
2. Cartilage
3. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
4. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
5. Marrow

Question 2

Secretion takes place primarily by what in the gut?

Answer 2

mucosa

Question 3

segmentation takes place in what part of the digestive system?

Answer 3

small intestine

Question 4

What is bone?

Answer 4

a tissue and organ

Question 5

What do bones do for muscles?

Answer 5

They are points of attachment and leverage for muscles

Question 6

4 functions of bones

Answer 6

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Blood cell formation
4. Mineral homeostasis

Question 7

what is bone composed of?

Answer 7

connective tissue composed of osteocytes and ground substance (matrix)

Question 8

cells associated with bone, living within and maintaining ground substance

Answer 8

osteocytes

Question 9

osteocytes arise from…

Answer 9

osteoblasts

Question 10

cells associated with bone matric, function to break it down

Answer 10

osteoclasts

Question 11

What does collagen do?

Answer 11

forms fibres in connective tissue

Question 12

what is the ground substance in bone?

Answer 12

collagen, mineralized by calcium phosphate

Question 13

two types of cone

Answer 13

compact and spongy

Question 14

What is compact bone organized into?

Answer 14

osteons

Question 15

what does the central canal of bone contain?

Answer 15

blood vessels and nerves

Question 16

what is spongy bone organized into?

Answer 16

trabeculae

Question 17

trabecular forms a network with…

Answer 17

red and yellow marrow

Question 18

what does spongy bone do?

Answer 18

transmits stress

Question 19

bones are wrapped within fibrous connective tissue called…

Answer 19

periosteum

Question 20

what does the inner layer of periosteum do?

Answer 20

supports osteoblasts

Question 21

2 main inner and outer components of bones

Answer 21

cortical layer and medullary cavity

Question 22

what is the medullary cavity?

Answer 22

the inner empty space of bone

Question 23

what is the shell of the bone called?

Answer 23

cortical layer

Question 24

what is another word of the diaphysis of the long bone?

Answer 24

shaft

Question 25

what are epiphyses

Answer 25

parts of joins that prevent bones from grinding against eachother

Question 26

what is cartilage made of?

Answer 26

collagen matrix with chondroplasts

Question 27

Why is caritlage considered avascular?

Answer 27

contains little or no blood vessels

Question 28

the skeletal elements made of cartilage are referred to as...

Answer 28

cartilages

Question 29

types of cartilage

Answer 29

1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic

Question 30

smooth cartilage with thin fibred

Answer 30

hyaline

Question 31

what type of cartilage forms good surface for bones to move over one another?

Answer 31

hyaline

Question 32

what type of cartilage forms intervertebral discs?

Answer 32

fibrocartilage

Question 33

what type of tissue are ligaments made of?

Answer 33

dense regular connective tissue

Question 34

what do ligaments do?

Answer 34

connects bones

Question 35

term for dense regular connective tissue that connects skeletal muscles to cones

Answer 35

tendons

Question 36

what is ossification

Answer 36

when a tissue becomes a bone

Question 37

what is calcification?

Answer 37

a pathological process where tissue is replaced by crystalline calcium phosphate

Question 38

what is endochondrial process?

Answer 38

process by which long bones are produces

Question 39

a cone first forms embryonically as a...

Answer 39

hyaline cartilage model

Question 40

in the formation of bones, perichondrium changes to...

Answer 40

periosteum

Question 41

what lays down bone around the model in bone formation in the fetus?

Answer 41

osteoblasts

Question 42

the invasions of blood vessels on fetal bone model does what?

Answer 42

lays down ground material to be mineralized

Question 43

what does secondary ossification in fetal bone development do?

Answer 43

establishedes connection between bones at the epiphsysis

Question 44

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 44

the process by which flat bones are produced

Question 45

what does intramembranous ossification begin with?

Answer 45

a sheet of embryonic connective tissue

Question 46

what stage is skipped in intramembranous ossification?

Answer 46

the cartilage model stage

Question 47

at what point do long bones grow?

Answer 47

cartilage growth plates at epiphyses

Question 48

the growth of cartilage plates is in what pattern?

Answer 48

appositional

Question 49

at sexual maturity, rate of cartilage production...

Answer 49

slows

Question 50

what happens when the epiphyseal plate ossifies?

Answer 50

the bone cannot grow any longer in length

Question 51

long bones increase in diameter by...

Answer 51

osteoblast activity under the periosteum

Question 52

how do flat bones grown?

Answer 52

by adding new bone around edges - appositional growth

Question 53

how is bone considered a dynamic tissue?

Answer 53

it is constantly being broken down and built up in response to compressive stresses

Question 54

osteoclasts break bone down in response to which hormone?

Answer 54

the parathyroid hormone

Question 55

the parathyroid hormones is secreted in response to

Answer 55

low levels of calcium

Question 56

osteoblasts deposit bone in response to

Answer 56

calcitonin

Question 57

when is calcitonin secreted?

Answer 57

in response to high levels of calcium

Question 58

what type of "bank" are bones?

Answer 58

a bank of calcium and phosphate

Question 59

what is calcium necessary for?

Answer 59

muscle contraction, neutransmitter secretion and blood clotting

Question 60

what is phosphate necessary for ?

Answer 60

ATP

Question 61

osteoblasts and osteoclasts reabsorb and deposit bone in response to...

Answer 61

piezoelectric currents

Question 62

what are piezoelectric currents cause by?

Answer 62

compressive stress

Question 63

what type of bone remodelling involves breaking down and reconstituded in alignment with direction of compressive stress

Answer 63

compact bone

Question 64

what is broken down in the bone remodelling of spongy bone?

Answer 64

trabeculae

Question 65

how many bones are in the body?

Answer 65

206

Question 66

what are the two divisions of skeletal system?

Answer 66

axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton

Question 67

3 organs of skeletal system

Answer 67

bones, ligaments, joint capsules

Question 68

what does the acial skeleton do?

Answer 68

supports the trunk and encloses central nervous system

Question 69

4 components of the axial skeleton

Answer 69

skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum

Question 70

what does the appendicular skeleton do?

Answer 70

provides insertions for organs and origins for limb muscles

Question 71

the appendicular skeleton includes...

Answer 71

limbs and girdles

Question 72

term for any area of contact or near-contact between adjacent bones

Answer 72

joints

Question 73

bone is joined to bone by...

Answer 73

ligaments

Question 74

what are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 74

cartilage between bones, low mobility

Question 75

what are cartilaginous joints missing?

Answer 75

capsules

Question 76

dense irregular tissue that fills gap between adjacent bones and holds them immobile relative to one another

Answer 76

fibrous joint

Question 77

what are the fibrous joints called that are found in the skull?

Answer 77

sutures

Question 78

what are synovial joints?

Answer 78

freely-moving adjascent bones

Question 79

What are synovial joints separated by?

Answer 79

cavity

Question 80

what is the synovial cavity enclosed by?

Answer 80

the synovial capsule

Question 81

what does the synovial capsule secrete?

Answer 81

synovial fluid

Question 82

another word for synovial joints

Answer 82

hinge joints

Question 83

what does synovial fluid do?

Answer 83

lubricates joints