Gastlezing dyslexie

Question 1

Spoken language

Answer 1

Speech appeared around 300000 years ago, coinciding with evolutioon of the anatomically modern Homo Sapiens

Question 2

Prevalence of dyslexia

Answer 2

7% global prevalence
–> different languages have different prevalences

Question 3

Written language

Answer 3

A recent cultural invention (6000 years)
-> learning to read and write is a true challange for the human brain
- homo sapiens brain has not evolved for written language
–> neural recycling hypothesis and visual word form are VWFA

Question 4

Neural Recycling Hypothesis

Answer 4

Explaines how we learned to read –> states that the brain reused structures for other purposes to read

Question 5

Visual Word Form Area

Answer 5

The main area that is being used in learning how to read
- used to be used for faces and objects

Question 6

Visual word recognition

Answer 6

Different orthographic systems
- recognizing written words is of extreme complexity

Question 7

Different orthographic systems

Answer 7

• logographic or morphologic (symbol for a whole word; Chinese)
• syllabic (symbol for parts of a word)
• alphabethic (symbol for sounds)

Question 8

Recognizing written words is of extreme complexity

Answer 8

• visual processing
• prelexical orthographic processing
• lexical orthographic processing
• semantic processing

Question 9

Visual processing

Answer 9

• saccades (little jumps between words)
• fixations (fixate on longer words)
• regression (going back to a wordt)
• OVP (optimal viewing position)

Question 10

Lexical orthographic processing

Answer 10

You can read words in sentence quite fluent when they are mixed. As long as the first and last letter of a word are in the right place it is readable

Question 11

Alphabetic prinicple

Answer 11

The idea that letters or groups of ltters represent the sound of spoken language
- phonemes: sounds of language
- graphemes: written representation of a sound (simple and complex)

Question 12

Learning to read

Answer 12

Learning to ‘decode’ written words by understanding how graphemes map to phonemes –> so how the written sound code converses to the actual sound
(spelling is the opposite)

Question 13

3 stages in reading development

Answer 13

• logographic: salient visual characteristics –> recognize shapes, not actual reading
• alphabetic: decoding any grapheme to phoneme rules d-o-g –> dog
• orthographic: direct recognition without decoding
  –> poor readers get stuck in second stage

Question 14

Developmental dyslexia

Answer 14

Learning disorder of nurological origin that is characterized by severe and persistent difficulties in acquiring fluent and accurate word reading and spelling skills, which cannot be better explained by inadequate instruction, intellectual diasability, low chronological age or impairments in hearing or vision

Question 15

Dyslexia vs. alexia

Answer 15

Dyalexia: dyslexia through developmental problems
Alexia: through acquired stage, like a brain injury

Question 16

Dyslexia

Answer 16

Difficulties with the automatization of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules (decoding) and vice versa
–> prevalence varies as a function of ortographic depth

Question 17

Orthographic depth

Answer 17

Shallow and opaque orthographies vary in complexity and consistency of the relations between graphemes and phonemes for reading and escpecially writing
- complexity: one sounds that is made of multiple letters (through -> tru)
- consistency: grapheme is pronounced different ways (through, though, rough etc.)

Question 18

Differences is language

Answer 18

Languages differ in the amount of phonemes and graphemes –> the more in a language the more chance of dyslexia
- French: 36 phon. and 100 graph.
- Spanish: 32 phon. and 50 graph.
- English: 44 phon. and 1000 graph.

Question 19

Comorbides

Answer 19

• dyscalculia 11-70%
• ADHD 20-50%
• emotional problems 9-29%
• ASD 11%

Question 20

Multiple Factor Decifit Model of dyslexia

Answer 20

Dyslexia is multifactoralin the way it is caused by multiple different factors –> the cause per person will be different as well

Question 21

Main theories for comorbidities

Answer 21

• Magnocellular theory (visual paths are effected)
• Cerebellar theory (problem in cerebellum)
• Phonological theory
• Several associated impairments

Question 22

Phonological deficit hypothesis

Answer 22

• impaired access to phonological representations
• impaired phonological memory
• imapired phonological awareness

Question 23

3 criteria in diagnosis

Answer 23

• severity
• persistence
• exclusivity

Question 24

Speech therapy

Answer 24

• reading and spelling exercises
• train phonological awareness
• not all patients who are treated for reading problems are dyslexic

Question 25

Facts or myths in Dyslexia

Answer 25

- not a disorder, but a trend - intelligent people don't have dyslexia - no objective way of diagnosing - can be overcome with hard work - children grow out of dyslexia - can be cured