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Gastrointestinal Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Cheiloschisis

A

Cleft lip

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2
Q

Palatochisis

A

Cleft palate

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3
Q

Cause of glossal atrophy in the horse..

A

Lingual muscle atrophy due to neuropathy of nerves running through the guttural pouch - mycosis

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4
Q

Pallor (mm)

A

Anaemia

Heart failure

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5
Q

Cyanosis (mm)

A

Blue or purple discolouration of the mucus membrane - due to low tissue oxygenation

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6
Q

Petechial/ ecchymotic haemorrhage (mm)

A

Clotting defect

Septicaemia

Intoxication

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7
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation or oral mucous membranes

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8
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation

  • Poor oral hygiene - plaque build up
  • SBI
  • Gingival trauma
  • Immunodeficiency - FIV
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9
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Focal area (poorly demarcated) of redenning of the gingival.

Affecting 20% of tissue, areas are soft and mildly oedema.

Chronic focal mild haemorrhagic gingivitis

Cause: poor dental hygiene

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10
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Acute multifocal severe necrotising fibrinous stomatitis

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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11
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Yellow foci spread throughout the tongue muscle.

Chronic multifocal severe pyogranulomatous glossitis

Actinobacillus lignieresi

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12
Q

Oribivirus causing cyanosis in livestock

A

Bluetongue - spread by culicoides

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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Bluetongue virus?

A

Causes endothelial damage and vasculitis - microthrombi formation and haemorrhage - leads to ischemic necrosis

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14
Q

A picornavirus causing oral vesicles in sheep and cattle.

A

Foot and mouth disease virus

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15
Q

Transmission of FMDV

A

Aerosol

Oropharyngeal

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16
Q

Pathogenesis of FMDV

A

Ballooning degeneration of glossal mucosal - cell detachment - oedema

Acute focal moderate fibrinous glottitis

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17
Q

Picornavirus causing vesicle formation in pigs.

A

Swine vesicular disease

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18
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Multifocal to coelescing red ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa of the cow.

Well demarcated - irregularly shaped 2x2mm

Cause: Cytopathic mucosal disease associated with BVDV1 - pestivirus

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19
Q

Where can mucosal disease appear in the cow?

A

Oral mucosa

Glossal mucosa

Rumen

Oesophagus

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20
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever is what type of virus

A

Ovine herpes virus 1

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21
Q

Differentials for infectious causes of erosive stomatitis/ glossitis.

A
  1. FMD
  2. Mucosal disease BVD
  3. MCF Ovine herpes virus 1
  4. Bluetongue
  5. Fusobacterium necrophorum - calf diphtheria
  6. Actinobacillus lignieresi - wooden tongue
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22
Q

Describe this lesion.

A

Multifocal to coelescing irregular well demarcated flat ulcers on the palatal surface. The underlying tissue is severely reddened. Lesions are 5x1 cm at the largest.

Also seen is conjunctivitis and keratitis/ muzzle ulceration

Acute multifocal m/s ulcerative stomatitis

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23
Q

What feline viruses cause ulcerative/ erosive stomatitis?

A

Feline calicivirus

Feline herpesvirus

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24
Q
A

Ulcerative glossitis associated with FCV/ FHV

Distinguishable since FHV infection shows syncitial cells and possibly inclusion bodies on histological examination

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25
Fungal cause of stomatitis, oral ulceration and glossitis in suckling animals and immunocompromised adults.
Candida albicans
26
Parasitic causes of stomatitis, oral ulceration and glossitis
Cystercercus of taenia species: * Cellulosae - T. solium in lingual muscles * Bovis - T. saginata Trichinella spiralis
27
Potential causes of tonsilitis
Sytemic pathogens: CAV, Parvo, swine HV Colonising bacteria: Streptococci, some coliforms - rare primary disease
28
What is the difference between a papilloma and epulide?
Epulides are derived from gingival connective tissue or periodontal ligaments Papillomas are derived from oral epithelium
29
Describe the lesion
Malignant melanoma of the pigmented mucosa Highly invasive - to blood and lymphnodes
30
Ameloblastoma
Amelocyte tumour - dental epithelium
31
Odontoma
Harmatoma (abnormal) benign growth of dental tissue
32
Sialoadenitis
Salivary gland inflammation
33
Sialoliths
Salivary calculi
34
Ranula
Cyst of the sublingual duct
35
Persistent 4th right aortic arch can lead to....
Oesophageal stricture and dilation of the cranial oesophagus
36
What sequelae can occur due to congenital oesophageal stricture?
Poor wt gain Regurgitation Aspiration pneumonia
37
Choke
Caused by oesophageal obstructure - can lead to ulceration and necrosis of the mucosa
38
Sequelae of oesophageal obstruction?
* Bloat - prevented eructation * Dysphagia * Diverticulum formation * Oesophageal rupture * Regurgitation - aspiration pneumonia
39
Mega-oesophagus
Neuromuscular disorder/ distal obstruction of the oesophagus Leads to atony and flaccid oeophagus (dilated with food) Can be congenital or acquired secondary to neuromuscular disorders (distemper, myasthenia gravis)
40
Myaesthenia gravis
Autoimmune disease against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors - generalised muscle weakness
41
Autonomic polyganglionopathy resulting in abnormal sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
Grass sickness - due to Clostridium toxin
42
Oesophagitis can occur by which means?
Infectious induction - MD, MCF, IBR Chemical induction - reflux (gastic acid, pepsin)
43
Spirocerca lupi
Oesophageal parasite causing granulomatous oesophagitis and development of fibrosarcoma
44
Which papilloma virus causes tumours in the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and rumen?
Type 4
45
Which papilloma virus causes tumours of the skin?
Types 3 and 6
46
What can cause ruminal parakeratosis?
Adaptations to change in diet
47
Ruminal tympany
Bloat - accumulation of excess quantities of gas within the rumen 1. Frothy - gas is dispersed in small bubbles - cannot escape with eructation - due to legumes 2. Free gas - due to physical obstruction of oesophagus/ pharynx
48
How does ruminal acidosis result in rumenitis?
* Increased VFA production * Successive drop in ruminal pH * Lactobacillus acidophilus * Chemical ulceration and inflammation of the rumen (can lead to death if pH\<4.5)
49
Describe this lesion
The pericardium and pericardial space is diffusely filled with a pale tan friable substance which is adhered but removable from the heart surface. The epicardium is thickened. There also appears to be multifocal areas of haemorrhage. Subacute diffuse severe fibrinonecrotising suppurative pericarditis secondary to traumatic reticulitis (Hardware disease)
50
What condition is commonly associated with excessive eating or aerophagia in dogs?
Gastric dilatation and volvulus
51
Displacement of the pylorus ventrally which then wraps around the dilated stomach Stomach rotates on the long axis and around 360o when viewed from the caudal aspect Leads to gastric torsion and ischemia and twisting of the spleen
52
Left displaced abomasum
Often associated with old dairy cows around the time of parturition (ketosis, hypocalcaemia, metritis, RFM) Can lead to haemorrhagic infarction/ abomasal volvulus
53
Parasites of the stomach
Gastrophilus - induces erosions & gastritis Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Telodorsagia, Trichostrongylus axei
54
Pica
Allotriophagia - abnormal diet * Encephalitis - neuro * Starvation * Boredom
55
Zootrichobezoars
Impacted hairballs
56
Acute catarrhal gastritis - increase mucus production
57
What can cause acute haemorrhagic gastritis?
NSAIDs - reduced PG (increased gastric acid) Poison Swine erysipelas Braxy - Clostridium septicum enterotoxin
58
Describe this lesion
Acute diffuse severe haemorhagic necrotising gastritis Clostridium septicum - Braxy
59
What pathogens can cause haemorrhagic gastritis?
Anthrax CSF Leptospirosis
60
Uraemic gastritis.
Chronic renal failure sequelae Due to excess ammonia excretion in gastric juices and saliva
61
Fibrinonecrotising gastritis
Caused by mycotic infection Areas of hyperaemia and fibrin depositation on the mucosal surface
62
Which area of the equine stomach is most susceptible to ulceration?
Non-glandular Squamous epithelium
63
Which area of the cows stomach is prone to gastric ulceration?
Pylorus Associated with environmental stressors and diet
64
How do mast cell tumours increase likelihood of gastric ulceration?
Lead to increased histamine production
65
Sequelae to gastric ulcers
Haemorrhage - anaemia Perforation - peritonitis
66
Why does gastric rupture commonly lead to gastric rupture? When does it occur in horses?
Leads to peritonitis, septic shock (due to intoxication with gastric contents) Occurs as a sequelae to obstructive colic or gastric dilation (xs fermentable carbs, water or lush pasture)
67
Leomyoma/sarcoma
Smooth muscle cell neoplasm - arises from the tunica muscularis in the stomach
68
Intestinal atresia
Congenital abscence of an intestinal opening/ passage. (muscular and connective tissue layers still present)
69
Cause of megacolon
Idiopathic - recurrent and progressive in old cats Neuronal aplasia
70
Herniation of intestine Where and when can this happen?
Displacement of an organ through a pre-existing hole * Diaphragmatic - traumatic * Epiploic entrapment - horse * Inguinal - rabbit
71
Intussuception
Telescoping of one segment into another. Usually as a result of enteritis due to increased bowel movement - Parvo, distemper, parasitic (tapeworm in horses)
72
Volvulus
Twist at the mesenteric root of intestine
73
Common cause of intestinal volvulus in the horse. Sequelae
Pedunculated lipoma Leads to vascular occlusion, ischemia and infarction
74
What kind of foreign body can cause disolation of large sections of the intestine?
Linear - such as thread
75
Which of the sympathetic ganglion is implicated in the development of equine grass sickness?
Coeliac Chromatolysis Shrunken and eosinophilic neurones
76
Mechanisms of diarrhoea development
Maldigestion - villous atrophy, lack of enzymes - *rotavirus, coronavirus, EPEC* Malabsorption - villous atrophy Hypersecretion - enterotoxins - *ETEC, Yersinia enterocolitica* Increased motility
77
Pathogens causing catarrhal enteritis
Loss of villous tip and villous atrophy * Coronavirus * Rotavirus * Parvovirus * Feline parvovirus (FPV)
78
Sunken peyers patches found in catarrhal enteritis associated with parvovirus in a dog
79
Parvovirus has an affinity for which area of the villous?
Crypt! Likes rapidly dividing cells
80
Oedema disease
Ecoli in pigs Causes oedema of subcutis, stomach wall and mesenteric lymphnodes
81
Fibrino-necrotising enteritis - deep mucosal damage Acute CSF
82
What type of enteritis can be caused by Salmonellosis infection?
Fibrino-necrotising in chronic infections in young animals
83
Porcine proliferative enteropathy
Lawsonia intracellularis
84
Describe this lesion
Diffuse mucosal hyperplasia Areas of haemorrhage Lawsonia intracellularis - proliferative enteropathy
85
Intestinal adenomatosis
Lawsonia induced hyperplasia of intestinal glands
86
Describe the four forms of Porcine proliferative enteropathy.
1. Intestinal adenomatosis - similar appearance to Johnes 2. Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy 3. Necrotic enteritis - high mortality 4. Terminal ileitis - chronicity
87
Notifiable zoonosis causing haemorrhagic enteritis in the acute phase.
Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax
88
Describe this lesion
Hyperplasia of mucosal epithelium Diffusely reddened - granulomatous inflammation Chronic diffuse severe granulomatous enteritis Johne's disease
89
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterised by what type of inflammation
Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic - caused by hypersensitivity to infectious disease or dietary substance
90
Malabsorption syndrome can occur secondary to what pathology?
Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency Acute/ chronic enteritis (villous atrophy)
91
Describe verminous arteritis.
Thrombosis of the cranial mesenteric arteries due to parasitic invastion - Strongylus vulgaris in the horse
92
Describe this lesion
Subserosal haemorrhage caused by parasitic migration
93
Describe this lesion
Multifocal to coelescing, 4x4mm raised firm nodules on the intestinal surface. Chronic multifocal to coelescing, severe catarrhal enteritis Coccidiosis - Eimeria
94
Multifocal small granulomatous lesions caused by en mass emergence of L3s from the intestinal wall

Systems PATH (13 decks)

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