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Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

Ectopia cordia

A

Heart develops outside the body cavity, due to incomplete body compartments

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2
Q

Amorphus globosus

A

Acardiac monster attached to the placenta. Spherical, covered in hair

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3
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Foetal remnant which connects the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Blood shunts from aorta to pulmonary artery therefore leading to pulmonary hypertension.

Usually degenerates to the Ligamentum arteriosum

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4
Q

Sequelae to PDA

A

Right ventricular hypertension due to pulmonary hypertension

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5
Q

Patent foramen ovale

A

Hole which allows blood from the right atrium to by-pass the lungs during gestation

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6
Q

True septal defect

A

A hole (fault) in the septum between heart chambers.

Can be interatrial or interventricular.

With ventricular shunts are from left to right and lead to equal pressures in the chambers:

  • Volume overload and eccentric hypertrophy in the right atrium
  • Pressure overload and concentric hypertrophy in the left atrium
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7
Q

Pulmonary stenosis

A

Valvular lesions which are associated with muscle/fibrous tissue deposition:

  • Subvalvular - beneath the valve
  • Valvular - valve itself

Leads to pressure overload and concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Also jet lesions in the pulmonary artery.

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8
Q

Subaortic stenosis

A

Below the aortic valve a zone of circumferencial fibrosis.

Made up of proliferating mesenchyme, mucin and metaplastic cartilage.

Leads to pressure overload and concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Also myocardial necrosis and fibrosis may be observed.

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9
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A
  1. Ventricular septal defect
  2. Pulmonic stenosis
  3. Dextroposition of the aorta - aorta straddles right and left ventricles
  4. Secondary hypertrophy of the rght ventricle

Baby blue syndrome - cyanosis

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10
Q

Valvular haematoma

A

Haemocyst/ lymphocyst - generally regress

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11
Q

Persistent right aortic arch

A

Ligamentum arteriosum forms a ring around the oesophagus and trachea.

Leads to cranial megaoesophagus - regurgitation

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12
Q

Peritoneopericaridial diaphragmatic hernia

A

Displacement of the intestine into the pericardium.

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13
Q

Hydropericardium

A

Transudate or exudate (+ fibrin - associated with mulberry heart disease)

Associated with generalised oedema and therefore cardiac tamponade and compression

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14
Q

Haemorrhagic pericardial effusion

A

Small deposits of blood

GSD

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15
Q

Haemopericardium

A

Large amounts of blood within the pericardium.

Causes:

Atrial rupture due to haemangiosarc

Aortic rupture in horses

Iatrogenic

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16
Q

Pneumopericardium

A

Due to pulmonary rupture/ oesophageal rupture

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17
Q

Chylopericardium

A

Exudate formed due to rupture of the thoracic duct

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18
Q

Describe this value.

A

Epicardial fat has become yellow and gelatinous. Due to fat metabolism (starvation).

Histologically appears oedematous and atrophic

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19
Q

Describe this lesion

What are the potential outcomes of the condition

A

Subacute diffuse severe fibrinous pericarditis

(traumatic, haematogenous, local spread of infection)

Histo - fibrin layer with n# over pericardium

Outcomes - death through septicaemia or chronicity (proliferating fibrosis) with compensatory hypertrophy &heart failure

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20
Q

Cause of fibrinous pericarditis in:

  1. Cat
  2. Cattle
  3. Pig
  4. Horse
  5. Bird
A
  1. FIP
  2. Pasturella, C. chauvoei, Chlamidophila, collisepticaemia
  3. Haemophilus parasuis, streps, pasturella, Salmonella, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  4. Streps
  5. Chlamydia psittaci
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21
Q

Polyserositis

Pig?

A

Inflammation of several serous membranes - eg pleural, pericardium, peritoneum

Glasser’s disease - Haemophilus parasuis

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22
Q

Pericardial gout

Causes..

A

Accumulation of uric acids - found in reptiles/ birds

Causes:

  1. Enzyme deficiency
  2. Dietary
  3. Increased catabolism - disease/ tumours
  4. Renal disease
  5. Dehydration

Grossly see white urate crystals on the pericardial surface

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23
Q

Endocardial mineralisation

A

Excess vitamin D intake or calcinogenic plant intoxication, Hyperparathroidism, renal failure, Johne’s

Basically due to hypercalcaemia

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24
Q

Endocardial fibrosis

A

Chronic dilation, healing ulcerative endocarditis, jet lesions.

Appears as firm white plaques in endocardium and intima of large vessels

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25
Myxomatous degeneration
Degenerative disease which accumulates mucin
26
Valvular endocardiosis
Degeneration of valvular collagen - degenerative change in older dogs
27
Left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis
Depositation of fibroelastic tissue on endocardium (due to deposition and poor lymph drainage in the myocardium) Can result in decreased CO, CHF and left-bundle block
28
What bacterial species are associated with endocarditis?
Ecoli/ streps in dogs A. pyogenes in cattle Streps in pigs
29
Describe this lesion
Multifocal to coelescing rough, irregular nodules. Endocardium remaining is reddened. Acute mf-c severe fibrinous endocarditis Valvular injury leads to bacterial adhesion and proliferation. Chronically fibrosis occurs
30
Sequelae to valvular endocarditis
Valvular dysfunction - regurgitation, systemic/ pulmonic hypertension Atrial dilation and thromboembolism creation Bacteriaemia
31
Aneurysm
Localised dilation of a thinning and weakened portion of a vessel. Usually affects arteries * Copper deficiency in pigs * Spirocerca lupi * Disecting in birds
32
What can lead to vessel rupture in animals?
Aneurysm Traumatic - horse falls over, cow during parturition Mycosis - internal carotid
33
Arterial hypertrophy
Sustained high pressure or volume within the artery - compensatory hypertrophy of smooth muscle * Parasitic - toxocara, heartworm, lung worm * Brisket disease - sustained vasoconstriction in response to generalised hypoxia * Cardiovascular shunts
34
Medial calcification Causes?
Endocardial mineralisation and fibrosis Causes: * Vit D toxicosis * Renal insufficiency * Johne's * Plant toxicosis Basophilic material within the tunica media of vessels (Intima may be a normal finding)
35
Fibrinoid necrosis - endothelial damage and inflammation spills into surrounding tissue - fibrin deposits within interstitial tissue Caused by selenium/ vit E deficiency in pigs/ oedema disease, uraemia
36
Thrombosis
Intravascular coagulation There are three factors involved: * Endothelial injury - eg parasitic * Hypercoagulability - congenital, dehydrated * Abnormal blood flow - stasis, turbulence, emboli
37
Describe this lesion
A solid mass within the aortic bifurcation of this cat (aka a saddle thrombus). Blocks blood flow to and from the caudal tissues
38
Thrombosis due to Dirofilaria immitis would most likely end up where?
Pulmonary arteries/ right ventricle
39
Thrombosis due to Strongyloids will most likely be found where?
Mesenteric artery of the gut
40
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Concurrent clotting and coagulation within the blood. Extensive clotting depletes resources leading to widespread haemorrhage. Also activation of the coagulation scale.
41
Embolism What are the four different types of emboli?
Occlusion of arteries by foreign material 1. Septic - vegetative endocarditis 2. Parasitic - fragments of dead parasites (due to anthelmintic treatment) 3. Fat - bone fracture 4. Fibrocartilagenous - spinal arteries due to fragmented discs 5. Thromboembolism - pulmonary arteries (imha, ple)
42
Causes of arteritis
Haematogenous spread of infection Local spread of infection Immune mediated (t3 hypersensitivity) Parasitic
43
Name one cause of vasculitis from each of these categories. 1. Viral 2. Bacteria 3. Fungi 4. Parasite 5. Immune-mediated
1. EVA, BVDV, BTV 2. Salmonella, erysipelas 3. Aspergillus 4. Strogyloides 5. SLE
44
Phlebitis Causes
Vein inflammation * Systemic infection * Local infection * IV injection
45
Omphalophlebitis
Navel ill Inflammation of the umbilical vein in a neonate due to infection of the site post-partum
46
How can hepatic abscessation lead to thrombosis in the lung?
Local spread of infection from the hepatic vein to the vena cava, caval thrombosis travels to the heart and then the pulmonary system
47
Haemangiopericytoma Characterised by whorls of fusiform cells surrounding vessels
48
How can mitral valve disease lead to atrial rupture?
Valvular incompetence leads to voume overload of the atrium during systole This leads to thinning of the atrial walls and eventually rupture of the structure
49
Eccentric ventricular hypertrophy
Due to volume overload the ventricle dilates with an increase in wall thickness Caused eg by valvular insufficiency/ septal defect
50
Concentric hypertrophy
Increase wall thickness and decreased chamber size caused by pressure overload. Caused by stenosis or systemic/ pulmonary hypertension
51
Ventricular dilation without hypertrophy is due to...
Inability of the muscle to undergo hypertrophy - disease, nutrition Stretching of cells allows increased contractile force and stroke volume
52
Describe this lesion
Severe concentric hypertrophy of the ventricles with subsequent dilation of the left atria Histologically can see degenerate myocytes, interweaving fibres and fibrosis
53
Describe this lesion
Dilated ventricle, endocardium is diffusely white, increased heart weight Histologically there may be NO changes, or similar to that of hypertrophic Clinical signs would include effusions, dyspnoea (compressing airway), subcut oedema
54
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Walls are rigid - reduced filling
55
This genetic condition leads to fibrosis of cardio-myocytes
X-linked muscular dystrophy ## Footnote Muscular atrophy, interstitial fat deposits and fibrosis
56
Myocardial necrosis Pale yellow areas within the myocardium, dry, gritty (mineralisation)
57
Describe the progression of histological features of myocardial necrosis.
1. Dilated, hypereosinophilic (necrotic) myocytes 2. Infiltrated by inflammatory cells (n# and macrophages) - acute 3. Infiltrated by fibroblasts - collagen and vascularisation
58
Describe this lesion
Mottled colour of myocardium Areas of haemorrhage Fibrinoid necrosis Acute diffuse severe haemorrhagic and necrotisin myocarditis Caused by vitaminE/ selenium deficit - mulberry heart disease (high fat diets)
59
Myocardial degeneration in equine
petechial haemorrhage pericoronal Monensin poisoning
60
Lymphocytic myocarditis
Parvovirus (likes rapidly dividing cells) cardiacmyocytes in puppies
61
Purulent myocarditis
Veg endocarditis Local bacterial spread
62
Black leg
Leads to myocarditis - Clostridium chauvei
63
Chemodectoma
At aortic base - tumour of the chemoreceptor cells
64

Systems PATH (13 decks)

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