General Anatomy (Doc Pau) Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
Transverse plane is also known as?
A
Horizontal Plane
2
Q
part of tongue that is common to have squamous cell carcinoma?
A
Lateral part of tongue, posterior 1/3rd and ventral part of tongue
Dorsal of tongue; Papilla
3
Q
Your heart is ___ to your lungs
Medial or Lateral?
A
Medial
4
Q
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity communicates in
Hiatus or Foramen Magnum?
A
HIATUS
Cranial & Spinal cavity communicates in: Foramen Magnum
5
Q
the largest foramen of the head and neck
A
Foramen Magnum
6
Q
The largest foramen in the body
A
Obturator Foramen
- loc. pelvic bone
7
Q
most commonly fractured bone during CPR
A
Xiphoid process
8
Q
Sternal angle is located between thoracic #
A
4 and 5
9
Q
bifurcation of trachea is called
A
Carina
- katapat ng sternal angle/angle of Louis
10
Q
Major muscle of breathing, dome shaped skeletal muscle, innervated by Phrenic nerve composed of Cervical spinal nerves 3-C4-C5, Inhalation and inspiration
A
DIAPHRAGM
11
Q
C1-C2-C3 that innervates hyoid muscles is called?
A
Ansa Cervicalis
12
Q
basic/functional unit of life
A
Cells
13
Q
Cells control center
A
Nucleus
center of nucleus: Nucleolus: RNA + Chon - important for ribosome formation
14
Q
Nuclear sap appears ____ stain on microscope
A
Light Stain
15
Q
Cytoplasm is the space where organelles are located, _____ is the liquid in the cytoplasm
A
Cytosol
16
Q
folds in the mitochondria called as?
A
Cristae
Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus contains folds called: CISTERNAE
17
Q
Protein factory of the cell
A
Ribosome
18
Q
Shipping department of the cell, Modify, packages, distribute molecules.
A
Golgi Apparatus
19
Q
Responsible for lipid synthesis
A
Smooth ER
Rough ER - CHON synthesis
20
Q
Storage of molecules
A
Vacuole
21
Q
Peroxisomes encharge for Detoxification it is high amount in
A
Liver, Kidney, Large intestine
22
Q
Digestive system of the cell
A
Lysosome
- in Sweat, tears, saliva
enzyme called: Lysozyme
23
Q
Boundary of the cell, selective permeable phospholipid bilayer
A
Cell Membrane
24
Q
3 essential Fatty Acid
A
ARAchidonic acid
LINOleic acid
LINOlenic acid
25
Largest RNA
mRNA
Most abundant - rRNA
Smallest - tRNA
26
Primary enzyme for replication
DNA Polymerase
27
Primary enzyme for transcription
RNA Polymerase
28
Connects the okazaki fragments formed
DNA Ligase
29
Process in which DNA serves as template for the assembly of molecules of RNA
Transcription
30
Disorder of purine metabolism
GOUT / Gouty arthritis
31
Phases of Cell Cycle
*Interphase - Longest Phase
*Mitosis - Shortest Phase
Interphase:
G1 - Organelles, CHON, RNA
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - ATP
G0 - no cell cycle
after G2:
Phases of Mitosis - P M A T
32
Mitosis:
P M A T
Prophase - Dissolution of nucleus
Metaphase - Chromosome midalignment
Anaphase - Separation of Sister Chromatids
Telophase - Actual splitting "Cytokinesis"
33
2 Division, happens only in sex cells, Haploid (n) - 23 in numbers
MEIOSIS
Mitosis: 1 Division, All somatic cells, Diploid (2n) - 23 Pairs
34
out of 23 = 22 pairs is called
AUTOSOMES
1 Pair is called Sex Chromosomes
Female = XX
Male = XY
35
Male with barr body XXY
Klinefelter's Syndrome
36
Macrophage in liver
Kupffer cell
37
function of bone marrow
Hematopoeisis
- blood cell formation
38
B-cell matures in?
Bone Marrow
T-Cell matures in Thymus Gland
39
Function of B-Cell
Humoral Immunity
Function of T-Cell - Cell-mediated immunity
40
antibodies came from what cell?
Plasma cell
41
richest source of histamine
Mast Cell
42
Macrophage in brain
Microglia
43
MYELIN SHEATH IN CNS
Oligodendrocytes
44
MYELIN SHEATH IN PNS
SHWANN CELL
45
cell that produce testosterone
Leydig cells
Testosterone - most potent androgen in the body esp. male.
46
Hormone that stimulates Leydig cells
luteinizing hormone
47
cells that produces testicular fluid
Sertoli cells
48
hormone that stimulate sertoli cells
Follicle stimulating hormone
49
Macrophage of the skin
Langerhans cell
50
Langhans cell is seen in what disease
Tubercolosis
51
Goblet cell is seen in
Respiratory and GI epithelium
52
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IS SEEN IN
PANCREAS
Glucagon - Alpha, Beta - Insulin: decreases glucose, best administered through subcutaneous admin., best site abdomen
53
Fructose is a
Ketose
54
Most cariogenic sugar
Sucrose
55
Basic unit of protein
Amino Acid
56
Start codon
AUG/Methionine
57
Histamine came from
Histidine
58
Serotonin, Melatonin came from
Tryptophan
59
deficiency in enzyme tyrosinase, no color of skin
Albinism
Phenylalanine -> Tyrosine -> Melanin and Dopamine: nE, Epi
60
Basic unit of Fat
Fatty Acid
3 essentials: Arachidonic, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid.
61
most abundant cell in connective tissue, PDL, pulp
Fibroblasts
62
most abundant protein in the body
Collagen
63
Basic unit of collagen
Tropocollagen
64
Squamous cell carcinoma metastasize by means of?
Lymphatic system
Sarcoma = Blood vessel
65
disease which has increase in Acid phosphatase
Prostate Cancer
66
Part of cigarette that causes mutation
Benzpyrene
Nicotine - Addiction
67
absence of enzyme hexosaminidase is a disease called
Tay-sach's disease
- Macula - cherry red
- Neurodegenarative dis
- onion skin lysosome
68
Sickle cell anemia is a form of _____ mutation
Missense.
*Hair on end effect
69
most common cause of genetic mental retardation, most common chromosomal disorder, high risk for increase maternal age. High risk for Perio than dental caries. MO: Prevotella Intermedia.
Pathognomonic sign: Simian Crease
Down's Syndrome "Trisomy 21"
70
Chromosome with XXY, testicular and penile atrophy, gynecomastia.
Klinefelter's Syndrome
71
deletion of short arm of chromosome 5
Cri-Du-Chat syndrome
72
defect in fibrillin-1, funnel chest "Pectus Excavatum"
Marfan's Syndrome
"Pectus Carinatum" = Ricketts = decrease in vitamin D
73
most common cause of cushing's syndrome
Prolonged use of corticosteroid therapy
74
prolonged use of corticosteroid can lead to
osteoporosis
- inhibits osteoblasts
75
drug used to reduced motion sickness and sign and symptoms of vertigo
Meclizine / Bonamine
76
autograft that has High osteogenic potential
autocanellous graft
77
functional unit of bone
Osteon "Haversian System"
78
osteon matrix is called
Lamellae
- collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals
79
Location of Osteocytes
Lacunae/Lacuna
80
Terminal End of PDL fibers
Sharpey's Fibers
81
function of osteocyte
Maintenance
82
cancellous bone in the flat bone is called?
Diploe
83
there are __ skull bones
22
83
Cervical vertebrae 1 is called
Atlas
C2 - Axis
83
external occipital protuberance
attachment of trapezius muscle
84
Bat shaped bone/Butterfly/Wasp, most complex bone in the body
Sphenoid Bone
85
Foramen rotundum is ____ than foramen ovale
a. Ant, Medial
b. Post, lateral
c. Sup. medial
d. Inf. Medial
A.
86
Attachment of tensor veli palatini
Hamulus / Medial pterygoid process
87
Tensor veli palatini is a muscle of the soft palate and it is the ONLY muscle of the soft palate that innervates by Cranial V_?
3
88
Origin of pterygoids muscle:
Lateral pterygoid process
Int / Medial
Ext / Lateral
89
Walnut shaped bone
Ethmoid bone
- CRIsta galli : anterior attachment of falx cerebri
- CRIbriform plate : Exit of CN1
90
EXIT OF CN1
Cribriform plate of Ethmoid Bone
91
intersphenoidal synchondrosis ossify at
Birth
92
Frankfort horizontal is from your?
Porion to orbitale
93
Sutural dominance theory came from
Sicher
94
Pterion and asterion closes approx. _ to _ Months
1-2
95
Lambda closes approx _ Months
2
96
Bregma closes approx __ to __ months
12 - 24 / 18 months
97
Largest arterial supply of meninges
Middle meningeal artery
98
part of mandible that attaches to temporalis muscle
Coronoid process
99
part of mandible that is most commonly fractured when sudden contraction of temporalis muscle
coronoid process of the mandible
100
largest muscle of mastication
Temporalis
101
largest of all vertebrae
Lumbar
-carries weight
- Lordosis
102
heart shaped vertebrae, common to have kyphosis, scoliosis, osteoporosis
Thoracic vert.
103
Pairs of true ribs?
7
FALSE: 7 pairs, Floating: 2 Pair
104
total number of true ribs
14
105
the most commonly fractured bone in the body
TibiA
106
strongest/longest bone in the body
Femur
107
location of nucleus of skeletal muscle
Periphery
108
basic unit of skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
109
boundary of sarcomere, attachment of actin
z disk
110
muscle that maintains wide airway
POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID MUSCLE
(Abduct)
111
main extensor nerve
Radial nerve
112
main extensor of the hip
Gluteus Maximus
113
main bulk of thigh
Quadriceps Femoris
114
Longest muscle
Sartorius
115
hip adductors : ____ compartment
Medial compartment
116
toe dancer muscle
Gastrocnemius
117
Probenecid enhances the effect of _____, leading to overdose of the patient.
Penicillin
118
most common type of osteoporosis
Senile osteoporosis
119
brittle bone disease, impairment of collagen 1 synthesis, BLUE SCLERA
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
120
radiographic appearance of EARLY paget's disease
Groundglass appearance
121
radiographic appearance of Paget's disease
Cottonwool appearane
122
Pigeons chest "Pectus carinatum" vit D deficiency in children
Ricketts
ADULT: Osteomalacia "soft bone"
123
Pectus excavatum
Marfan syndrome
124
Porous Bone:
Soft bone:
Too much bone:
Brittle bone:
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Osteopetrosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
125
spreading factor of streptococcal infection
Hyaluronidase
126
monroe's abscess is seen in what disease
Psoriasis
127
brodie's abscess, inflammatory response affecting bone marrow cavity
Osteomyelitis
128
most common primary malignant bone tumor
Osteosarcoma
129
most common degenerative bone disease
Osteoarthritis
- wear and tear
- elderly
130
disorder of purine metabolism bone disease
Gouty arthritis
- common in male
- Big toe "PODAGRA"
131
autoimmune bone disorder, common in female, symmetrical.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
132
basic unit of bone?
Osteon / Haversian system
133
basic unit of skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
134
basic unit of nervous system
Neuron
135
macrophage of CNS
Microglia
136
Jumping of action potential
Saltatory conduction
no myelin sheath - continuous conduction
137
most dangerous part of the scalp
Loose areolar tissue -> Thrombophlebitis
138
main scalp proper are?
Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis
139
Periosteum of cranium
Pericranium
140
thalamus can be seen in what part of the brain?
Diencephalon
141
Largest and the most superior part of the brain
Cerebrum
142
Connects the left and right side of the brain
Corpus callosum
- white matter - medulla
143
part of brain that is affected
by parkinsons disease
Substantia nigra
144
Sensory impulse relay station except sense of Smell
Thalamus
145
autonomic nervous system center, regulates: pituitary gland, libido, appetite, temperature, emotion.
Hypothalamus
146
encharge for circadian rhythm
Melatonin
147
Releases cerebrospinal fluid
Chroid Plexus
148
Emotional Brain
Limbic System
149
the heart of the brain
Midbrain
150
Respiratory Center of the brain
Pons
- respiration happens intracellular
151
Medulla oblongata - incharge for breathing
Neurons of breathing is called
Botzinger Complex
152
Most vital part of the brain
Medulla Oblongata
153
part of the brain, area of spinal deccusation
Medulla Oblongata
154
coordination and balance/equilibrium, little brain.
Cerebellum
155
part of spinal that is affected by polio virus
Anterior or Posterior?
Anterior
156
1st ever discovered neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
- Autonomic NS, Learning, Muscle contraction
157
reward, pleasure hormone
Dopamine
158
decrease dopamine =
Parkinson's disease
Increase Dopamine - Schizophrenia
159
natural analgesic, natural opioids
Endorphins
160
Inhibitory neurotransmitter, inhibits consciousness, calming.
GABA
161
Value of resting membrane potential
-70 to -90 mV
162
main extensor nerve
Radial nerve
163
longest and largest nerve in the body, longest spinal nerve
Sciatic nerve
164
Largest cranial nerve
Trigeminal nerve
165
longest cranial nerve in the body
Vagus nerve
166
Longest cranial nerve in the head and neck area, smallest cranial nerve
Trochlear nerve
167
4 cranial nerves that has PNS
3, 7, 9, 10.
168
smallest muscle innervated by CN 7
Stapedius muscle
169
smallest bone in the body
Stapes
170
this is where gas exchange happens
Respiratory Zone or Conducting zone?
Respiratory Zone
171
Main site of gas exchange
Alveoli
- simple squamous epithelium
172
all paranasal sinus is innervated by
CN V
173
all paranasal sinus lining is
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
174
Conchae is lined by
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
175
mouth breathing is associated with?
Long face syndrome
176
muscles of the larynx is innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve except?
Cricothyroid muscle
- external laryngeal nerve
177
Recurrent laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve are both branches of?
CN?
10
178
the area of emergency tracheostomy
Cricothyroid Ligament
179
part of bronchi that has no glands, no cartilages
Bronchioles
180
composed/areas of respiratory zone, gas exchange zone: Respi. Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, ALveoli
ACINUS
181
Secretes glycosaminoglycans to protect bronchiole linings
CLARA CELLS
182
Macrophage of the lungs
Dust cells
183
Lobes of right lungs
3
184
most vital part of the brain
Medulla oblongata
185
the byproduct of streptococcus mutans and anaerobic metabolism
Lactic Acid
186
consolidation of lung tissues, most common cause: infection.
Pneumonia
187
Smallest bacteria, atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma
188
most common malignant tumor of nasopharynx
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV - HSV4
189
DOC for acute asthamtic attack
Albuterol
190
Primary organ for urinary system
Kidney
191
definitive adult kidney
Metanephros
192
Functional unit of urinary system
Nephrons
193
approx. ___ nephron in each kidney
1Million
194
tuft/network of capillaries
Glomerulus
195
what is the most potent vasoconstrictor used in dentistry?
Epinephrine
196
