ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards by Dexter Flores

Group of ductless Glands, secrete hormones directly into the blood stream and influence widely divergent structures

Endocrine System

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Chemical messengers that “regulates” various types of reactions in the body. Secreted into blood and binds to target cells.

Hormones

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biological catalysts the speed up chemical reactions. regulation is controlled by the cell’s DNA

ENZYMES

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Loop system wherein the system responds to a perturbation in the opposite direction, regulation of hormone synthesis, blood glucose and body temperature regulation are examples.

Negative feedback mechanism

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Loop system wherein the system responds to a perturbation in the same direction

Positive feedback mechanism

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responsible for the secretion of melatonin and serotonin. a median unpaired organ inferior to the corpus callosum, under the roof of the 3rd ventricle.

PINEAL GLAND “Epiphysis Cerebri”

Largest in early childhood, involutes at puberty.
Regulates daily rhythms of bodily activities.

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Pineal Gland is contained within the

PIA MATER

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Functions as a neurotransmitter in the CNS and as a hormone in the periphery.
It mediates happiness, satisfaction and optimism.

Serotonin
- precursor of melatonin
- Happy hormone
- derived from tryptophan

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Inhibits the onset of puberty, inhibitory to hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone

MELATONIN

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Center or a plethora of physiological processes like thermoregulation, osmoregulation and hormonal regulation

HYPOTHALAMUS
- supplied by anterior and posterior branches of Circle of Willis and superior hypophyseal artery.

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Thermoregulation by sympathetic nervous system, allows heat conservation result to body heating

Posterior Nuclei

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Involved in thermoregulation by stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, allows heat loss resulting to body cooling.

Anterior nuclei

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found in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone, protected by the sella turcica.

Pituitary Gland

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Origin of anterior pituitary gland

Rathke’s pouch

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development of rathke’s pouch

3rd week

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Contains endocrine cells. primary source of hormones

PARS DISTALIS

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May play a role in the synthesis and secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone

Pars Intermedia

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also contains endocrine cells but does not contribute so much in hormone release. Surrounds the infundibulum, carries portal veins of the hypophyseal portal system.

Pars Tuberalis

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Hypersecretion of GH in childhood before the fusion or closure of the epihyseal plates.

Gigantism
- may result to diabetes mellitus and visual disturbances due to compression of the optic chiasma

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Hypersecretion of GH in adult after the fusion or closure of the epiphyseal plates.

Acromegaly

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Responsible for milk production and breast development.

PROLACTIN

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What is the effect of DOPAMINE on your PROLACTIN

Dopamine and Prolactin is involved in negative feedback mechanism.

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Hypersecretion of ACTH, caused by a tumor or excessive growth of the pituitary gland

Cushing’s Disease

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hormone that initiates ovulation

Leutinizing Hormone

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Connects the pars nervosa to the hypothalamus, a stalk that carries the axons of the neurosecretory cells.

Infundibulum

Produces contraction of the myoepithelial cells in mammary small ducts responsible for milk ejection from the lactating breast and rhythmic contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labor.

OXYTOCIN - synthesized by the neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nuclei

Regulates body fluid osmolarity through V2 receptor., synthesized by the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nuclei

VASOPRESSIN (ADH)

a form of Diabetes Insipidus that has a failure of ADH to be secreted

Central Dia. Ins.

form of Diabetes insipidus that has a Failure of the renal duct cells to respond to ADH

Nephrogenic Dia. Ins.

"love hormone" is known as

Oxytocin

Largest endocrine gland, located anterior to the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartilage.

Thyroid Gland

Enlargement of the thyroid gland, associated with deficient, normal, or excessive hormone production. Related to iodine deficiency and diminished production of thyroid hormone.

GOITER

Caused by excess secretion of thyroid hormones.

Hyperthyroidism

Exophthalmic or diffused goiter, autoimmune condition wherein thyroid stimulating antibodies are produces

Grave's Disease - act like TSH and activate thyroid follicular cells

affects children characterized by stunted growth, total failure of the gland development. Children are dwarfed, with underdeveloped mandible, overdeveloped maxilla, large tongue, delayed tooth eruption and mental retardation.

Cretinism

Hypothyroidism in adult characterized by generalized edematous appearance. Retard mentation, physical activities and thickened tongue are common manifestations.

MYXEDEMA

autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed. Also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis - thyroid may enlarge forming a painless goiter - TX: levothyroxine

a hormone that is involved in regulation of calcium and phosphate, suppresses bone resorption by decreasing calcium and phosphate release

CALCITONIN - high calcium content in plasma, gastrin

increases serum calcium, decreases serum phosphate

Parathormone

Deficiency of PTH secretion caused by autoimmune disease, deficiency of receptors for PTH in target cells, parathyroidectomy

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM -leads to hypocalcemia - tetany

Excessive secretion of PTH caused by tumor or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. Compensatory hypertrophy in response to hypocalcemia due to other pathological conditions: Chronic renal failure, Vitamin D Def.

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM - results to hypercalcemia

Increase in plasma calcium level of >12mg/dl

Hypercalcemia

results to neuromuscular hyperexcitability characterized by painful muscular spasm or involuntary contraction of muscles.

TETANY

Spasm of the hand that develops 3 mins after arresting blood flow to the lower arm or hand

Trosseau's Sign

Twitch of the facial muscles caused by gentle tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear.

Chvostek's Sign

Located superior and medial to the upper pole of each kidney

ADRENAL GLANDS! "SupraRenal"

Secretory cells are arranged in irregular, ovoid clumps, secretes mineralocorticoids (Mainly aldosterone)

Zona Glomerulosa

Life-saving hormone, maintains the osmolarity and volume extracellular fluid.

Aldosterone

Secretory cells are arranged in narrow cords, secretes glucocorticoids (Mainly cortisol)

Zona Fasiculata

Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids round-shouldered or buffa-hump appearance, mooning of the face, generalized obesity of the upper portion, diabetes mellitus. common in female

Cushing's Syndrome

Secretory cells are arranged in irregular network as anastomosing cords and clumps. Secretes androgens, converted to testosterone and estrogen in tissues

Zona Reticularis

hypoadrenocorticism because of adrenal cortex insufficiency Characterized by extreme weakness, low blood pressure and irregular melanin pigmentation described as "BRONZING"

Addison's Disease

Adrenal medulla is derived from

Neuroectoderm (neural crest cells) Adrenal Medulla - consist of chromaffin cells - secretes cetecholamines

Are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that synthesize, store, and secrete catecholamines.

Chromaffin Cells

Sympathetic effects depending on the receptor it occupies, alpha receptor, beta 1 receptor and beta 2 receptors

Epinephrine

Tumor arising from the adrenal medulla, secretes a large amount of norepinephrine, causes sustained or paroxysmal hypertension

Pheochromocytoma

Endocrine tissue (islets of Langerhans) can be found scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas, most numerous in the tail portion

Endocrine Pancreas

cell type that secretes Glucagon to increase blood glucose

Alpha Cells

cell type that secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose

Beta Cells

secretes somatostatin which inhibits the production of beta cells, alpha cells and growth hormone.

Delta Cells

cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide (digestive enzyme)

F Cells

Single polypeptide synthesized as a prohormone from a cell of the islets of Langerhans cell.

Glucagon

building up of glycogen

glycogenesis

peptide consisting of two chains: alpha and beta chains. regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism and blood sugar level.

Insulin

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Due to insulin deficiency

TYPE 1 DM "JUVENILE" TYPE

Non-insulin dependent DM due to absence or deficiency in insulin receptors. "Mature onset" caused by hereditary disorders, other endocrine disorders.

TYPE II DM