Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Basic structural and functional component of the nervous system.
A
Neurons
2
Q
Neuronal processes that conduct electrical signals toward the cell body from other cells.
A
Dendrites
3
Q
Neuronal processes that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body towards other cells.
A
Axons
4
Q
Stellate structure with numerous processes that form structural support between capillaries and CNS neurons
A
Astrocytes
5
Q
guides the development of CNS neurons
A
Oligodendrocytes
6
Q
Only neuroglial cell derived from the mesoderm, minute cells with few short processes that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris within CNS
A
Microglia
7
Q
Control center that receives and formulates sensory input from the peripheral nervous system, includes the brain and spinal cord.
A
Central Nervous System
8
Q
area that contains neuronal cell bodies, serves to process information.
A
Gray Matter
9
Q
area that Contains neuronal cell process, serves to transmit information
A
White matter
10
Q
the gray matter of both the brain and spinal cord is called?
A
Substantia grisea
11
Q
Demyelinating disease that primarily affects myelin, most common demyelinating disease.
A
Multiple sclerosis
12
Q
Areas of demyelination are known as
A
Plaques
13
Q
Outermost fused double-layer, consist of dense, strong fibrous sheet surrounding the brain.
A
Dura Mater
14
Q
Separates cerebral hemispheres, contains inferior and superior sagittal sinuses
A
Falx Cerebri
15
Q
Separates cerebellar hemispheres (lateral lobes of cerebellum)
contains the occipital sinus
A
Falx cerebelli
16
Q
separates cerebrum and cerebellum, contains the straight, transverse and superior petrosal sinuses
A
Tentorium Cerebelli
17
Q
surrounds the spinal cord
A
dural sheath
18
Q
innermost vascular membrane of loose connective tissue, closely covers the brain and spinal cord.
A
Pia Mater
19
Q
Clear, colorless fluid formed mainly by the choroid plexuses in the later, third and fourth ventricles of the brain.
A
CSF
20
Q
it regulates intraventricular pressure by secretion and absorption of CSF
A
Choroid Plexuses
21
Q
Cortex, primarily of nerve cell bodies of unmyelinated fibers
A
Gray Matter
22
Q
Medulla, inner part composed of myelinated nerve fibers (axons)
A
White matter
23
Q
Chambers or hollow spaced from the neural tube, contains the cerebrospinal fluid
A
Ventricles
24
Q
Largest part of the brain, controls conscious activities, origin of CN I, II.
A
Telencephalon “Cerebrum”
25
extensive outer layer of gray matter of each cerebral hemispheres, responsible for higher brain functions.
Cerebral Cortex
(sensation, thought, reasoning, memory and voluntary muscle movement)
26
what type of cells is seen in cerebral cortex
Purkinje Cells
27
characterized by degeneration of neurons in the cerebral cortex, most common cause of dementia in older adults. Includes amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
Alzheimer's Disease
28
subdivide the cerebral cortex into lobes
Sulci (fissures)
29
Divides the frontal and parietal lobes
Central Sulcus
30
Divides the frontal and parietal from the temporal lobes
Lateral Sulcus
31
Divides the parietal and occipital lobes
Parieto-occipital sulcus
32
the primary motor area, controls voluntary skeletal muscle contractions, highly skilled, discrete motor activity of the hand.
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
33
Involved in speech function/articulation
Broca's area
34
formation of new memories about past experiences, memory of facts and episodic memory
Hippocampus
35
Emotional center of the brain
Amygdala
36
Primary visual area
Occipital lobe
37
Have a dark appearance due to the neuromelanin present in the cells, composed of motor nuclei in the mesencephalon and produces dopamine.
Substantia Nigra
38
damage to the basal ganglia, slow progressive degenerated disease associated with destruction of dopamine producing cells in the brain
Parkinson's Disease
39
Resting membrane potential
-70mv
40
antidote for benzodiazepine
Flumazenil
41
the actual forebrain, wedge-shaped area between cerebral hemispheres, contains the thalamus. origin of CN III, IV
Diencephalon
42
Sensory relay station or "Way-station" of the brain.
Thalamus
43
responsible for regulation and coordination of complex voluntary muscular movement, and maintenance of posture and balance. Assist in leaning new skill.
Cerebellum
44
Relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, houses the control centers for respiration and inhibitory functions.
Pons
45
known as the autonomic reflex center; responsible for control of respiration, circulation, cardiovascular and digestive functions, maintains homeostasis.
Medulla Oblongata / myelencephalon.
46
has a centrally located gray matter and peripherally located white matter, cylindrical structure, occupies the upper 2/3 of the vertebral canal enveloped by the meninges
Spinal Cord
47
"H" shaped, centrally located area consisting of nerve cell bodies & unmyelinated nerve fibers.
Gray matter
48
Surrounds the gray matter, composed of primarily myelinated axons. Consists of spinal cord tracts.
White matter
49
Tracts responsible for process sensations of temperature, pain and light touch.
Spinothalamic Tracts
50
Cathecolamines are
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and dopamine.
51
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and dopamine are called?
Cathecolamines
52
outer layer of the meninges
Dura mater
53
Inner layer of the meninges
Pia mater
54
ependymal cells constitute the tissue that lines ______
Ventricles of the brain
55
the vertebral artery on its way to the brain passes through the
A. Foramen Magnum.
B. Foramen Lacerum
C. Jugular Foramen
D. Foramen Spinosum
E. None of the above
A. Foramen Magnum
56
the major connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the
A. Cingulum
B. Corpus Callosum
C. Internal Capsule
D. Superior occipital bundle
E. NOTA
B. Corpus callosum
57
Saltatory conduction refers to
A. Conduction in myelinated nerve fibers
B. Effect of salt on excitation of excitable tissues
C. Conduction of synapses in the central nervous system
D. decrease in action potential produced by potassium
A.
58
what part of the nervous system contains the cardiac, vomiting and vasomotor centers?
Medulla
Thalamus - Sensory relay and integrative center
Cerebral Cortex - Motor Function
59
the center of the brain regulating body temperature is
Hypothalamus
Pons - Respiratory center
Medulla -- respiratory center
Thalamus - relay
60
a berry aneurysm is most commonly caused by
A. Trauma
B. Syphillis
C. Arteriosclerosis
D. Congenital anomaly
E. NOTA
D.
Berry aneurysm - dilation of blood vessels found in circle of willis
61
which of the following barbiturates, in therapeutic doses, is the longest acting
A. Pentothal Sodium
B. Phenobarbital
C. Secobarbital
D. Pentobarbital
E. Amobarbital
B. Phenobarbital
A - Ultrashort
C & D - Short
E Intermediate
62
Syncope is a
a. a form of neurogenic shock
b. always associated with a loss of consciousness
c. recognized early by an increase in blood pressure
d. usually treated early with injectable drugs
e. NOTA
A.
63
which is not a general anesthetic
a. Benzylalcohol
b. cyclopropane
c. ethylene
d. vinyl ether
e. trichloroethylene
A.
64
if a narcotic agent where chosen for intravenous sedation, which of the following drugs should be available as the antagonist of choice?
a. Naloxone
b. Doxapram
c. Pentazocine
d. Fentanyl
e. Diphenhydramine
Naloxone
65
an irreversible side effect resulting from long term administration of phenothiazine antipsychotics
Tardive Dyskinesia
66
Excitement and delirium are commonly present in stage of ether anesthesia
A. I
B. II
C. III, plane 1
D. III, plane 3
E. IV
B.
I - Inducion, sedation, analgesia
III - Surgical analgesia
IV - Medullary depression, coma.
67
drugs that when administered intravenously is least likely to produce respiratory depression
Diazepam
68
a patient with grand mal epilepsy would likely be under treatment with
Phenytoin
69
Phenothiazines are used to
A. Produce muscle relaxation
B. Alter psychotic behavior
C. Suppress coughing
D. Produce analgesis
E. Produce hypnosis
B.
70
the principal central action of caffeine is on the
a. Cerebral cortex
b. corpus callosum
c. hypothalamus
d. spinal cord
e. medulla
A.
71
in general anesthesia, the last part of the CNS to be depressed is the
Medulla
72
visual processing center of the human brain
Occipital Lobe
73
neuron cell bodies are located in
A. White matter of the spinal cord
B. Meninges
C. Gray matter of the spinal cord
C.
74
Which space is entered when a spinal tap is performed?
Subarachnoid space
75
the third ventricle of the brain communicates with the fourth ventricle by the
Cerebral Aqueduct
76
which type of neuroglial cells from myelin in the CNS?
A. Astrocytes
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Microglia
D. Ependymal Cells
B.
PNS - Schwann cells
77
which of the following structures is a ring-shaped fold that allows the passage of the infundibulum to the pituitary gland?
A. Tentorium Cerebelli
B. Falx cerebri
C. Falx cerebelli
D. Diaphragm Sellae
D
78
Which meninges forms the falx cerebri and the falx cerebelli
a. dura mater
b. subarachnoid mater
c. pia mater
A
79
structural component of a neuron sends impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
80
system that Contains ganglia, and sensory receptors
Peripheral Nervous System
81
Small, flattened cells that support the ganglia of the PNS, surround the cells bodies in ganglia, regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels
Satellite cells
82
forms myelin sheath around the axons in PNS, participate in the repair process after injury. flattened cells arranged in series around axons or dendrites.
Schwann Cells
83
CNS Cells; maintain blood brain barrier; provides structural support, regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations.
Astrocytes
84
CNS cells; line ventricles and central canal, and monitoring CSF
Ependymal Cells
85
myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework.
Oligodendrocytes
86
Removes cell debris, and pathogens by phagocytes
Microglia
87
Point of junction between two Schwann cells
Node of Ranvier
88
mode of impulse transmission around the points of node of nodes of ranvier
Saltatory Conduction
89
the only sympathetic cholinergic effector organ
Sweat glands
90
innervates organs that function under involuntary control
Autonomic NS
91
Formed by the union of 2 roots (anterior and posterior) at the intervertebral foramen
Spinal Nerve
92
it contains axon of sensory neurons, cell bodies are outside the spinal cord in a swelling on the _____ root
Posterior
93
positioned deep on the side of the neck, lateral to the first 4 cervical vertebrae. sends out numerous cutaneous, muscular and communication branches to the neck, shoulder, and chest.
Cervical Plexus (C1-C4)
94
Formed in the posterior triangle of the neck, extends into the axilla, supplying nerves to the upper limbs.
Brachial Plexus
95
formed in the psoas muscle, supplies lower abdomen and parts of lower limbs. Main branches: femoral and obturator nerves.
Lumbar Plexus
96
Largest nerve in the body
Sciatic nerve
97
plexus that lies in the posterior pelvic wall in front of the piriformis muscle, supplies the lower back, pelvis, parts of the tight, leg, and foot.
Main branches are sciatic, gluteal, and pelvic splanchnic nerves.
Sacral Plexus
98
Shortest Cranial nerve, provides sensory innervation for smell.
CN 1 - Olfactory nerve
99
Olfactory nerve exits to
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
100
innervates the retina, arises from the axons of ganglion cells of the retina that converge at the optic disk.
Optic nerve CN II
101
the nerve fibers that arise from the medial (nasal) half of each retina cross the midline and enter the optic tract of the opposite side.
Optic Chiasm
102
Optic nerve exits to
Optic canal of the sphenoid bone
103
nerve that Provides motor fibers to most extra-ocular muscles except lateral rectus and superior oblique.
Oculomotor nerve CN III
104
Oculomotor nerve exits the skull through
Sup. Orbital Fissure
105
Smallest cranial nerve but longest course, supplies motor function to superior oblique muscle of the eye.
Trochlear nerve
106
Only cranial nerve that emerges from dorsal aspect of the brainstem
Trochlear Nerve CN IV
- exits the skull through Superior Orb. Fiss.
107
supplies motor function of lateral muscle, origin is from the pons. passes through the cavernous sinus.
Abducens Nerve CN VI
108
Largest cranial nerve, the principal general sensory nerve of the head.
originate on the inferior surface of pons.
Trigeminal Nerve CN V
109
Ophthalmic nerve exits through the
Superior orbital fissure
110
Provides sensory innervation to the tip of the nose, skin of face above the eye, eyeball.
Ophthalmic Division V1 of Trigeminal Nerve
111
provides sensory innervation to the midface: BELOW THE EYE, BUT ABOVE THE UPPER LIP, nasal cavity, palate, paranasal sinuses, and maxillary teeth, skin of cheek and upper lip.
Maxillary division V2 of trigeminal nerve
112
V2 of CN V exits the skull through the
FORAMEN ROTUNDUM of the sphenoid bone
113
V3 of CN V exits the skull through the
FORAMEN OVALE of the sphenoid bone
114
Supplies MOTOR innervation to tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, MOM, and anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscles.
Provides SENSORY innervation to skin of the cheek, skin of mandible, lower lip, and side of the head, TMJ, mandibular teeth, mucous membranes of cheek, floor of the mouth and anterior part of the tongue
Mandibular Nerve (V3) of CN V
115
Facial nerve (CN VII) contains sensory neurons that originates in the pons, exits the skull through
Stylomastoid foramen
116
a parasympathetic secretory branch of facial nerve, sends preganglionic parasympathethic fibers to the lacrimal glands, nose, oral cavity and uppermost part of the pharynx
GREATER PETROSAL NERVE
117
GREATER PETROSAL NERVE PASSES THROUGH THE FORAMEN ___
Lacerum
118
Facial nerve paralysis due to injury to the lower motor neuron, lpsilateral flaccid paralysis of all facial musculature
Bell's Palsy
119
Provides sensory function to the ear for equilibrium and hearing
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve
120
CN VIII exits the skull through the
Internal Auditory Meatus
121
CN IX mixed nerve, exits the skull through the
Jugular Foramen
122
CN responsible for contraction of pharynx muscles used in SWALLOWING (Stylopharyngeus), responsible for saliva secretion from the parotid gland, supplies sensory innervation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, innervates carotis sinus & carotid body to help regulate blood pressure and respiration.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
123
Parasympathetic secretory branch of CN IX that contains secretomotor fibers for the parotid gland, supply preganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers to OTIC ganglion, origin is the tympanic nerve.
LESSER PETROSAL NERVE
124
only CN NOT RESTRICTED TO THE HEAD AND NECK REGIONS, DOMINANT NERVE TO THE HEART. Passes through the jugular foramen.
VAGUS NERVE
125
Vagus nerve originates in the
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
126
Has the MOST EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF ALL THE CRANIAL NERVES.
VAGUS NERVE
127
mediates TASTE & GENERAL SENSATION FROM THE ROOT OF THE TONGUE, supplies the pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, heart and GI tract. contains sensory fibers associated with reflexes , it does not contain pain fibers.
VAGUS NERVE
128
Supply motor function & innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, exits the skull through the jugular foramen
Accessory Nerve CN XI
129
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII) supplies motor function to all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles EXCEPT
Palatoglossus
130
CN XII exits the skull through the
Hypoglossal Canal medial to the carotid canal and jugular foramen.
131
Palatoglossus is innervated by
Pharyngeal nerve of the Vagus nerve
132
