Respiratory System! Flashcards by Dexter Flores

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs is a part of?

Upper or Lower Respiratory tract?

Lower Respi. T.

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Sphenoidal sinus, Frontal sinus, Nasal cavity, Pharynx is part of?

Upper Respiratory Tract.

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Functional components of Respiratory system consist of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli is a portion of?

Respiratory Portion

while Nasal Cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles are Conducting Portion.

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3 bones that make up the nasal septum

Vomer, Ethmoid bone and septal cartilage.

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slit like openings between each conchae where air is swirled, warmed, or humidified. Communication between nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct.

Meatus

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opening for the anterior ethmoidal, frontal and maxillary sinus.

Hiatus Semilunaris

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epithelium that allows the movement of fluid, mucous, air.

Ciliated Epithelium

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Inflammatory process of the sinus due to obstruction of drainage orifices, may persist for a long period of time.

Sinusitis

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Inherited condition with defective ciliary action, also known as primary ciliary dyskinesia.

Kartagener Syndrome

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Opening of the olfactory nerve

Cribriform Plate.

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Pathway between nasal cavity and incisive fossa of the oral cavity

Incisive Canal

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the respiratory region is lined by?
interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells.

Ciliated Pseudostratified Epithelium

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the nerve in the nasal cavity that branches out from the olfactory bulb and tract on the ethmoid bone and functions for smell

Olfactory Nerve

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the nerve in the nasal cavity that is general sensory to the nasal septum, nasal conchae

Nasopalatine Nerve (Maxillary Nerve)

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nerve of the external skin of the nose

Nasociliary Nerve (Opthalmic Nerve)

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Loss or reduction of ability to smell

ANOSMIA
- caused by traumatic damage to the ethmoid bone severing olfactory neurons.

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Most abundant respiratory epithelium cells

Ciliated columnar Cells

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Mucus producing cells of the respiratory.

Goblet cells

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Chemosensory receptor resembling gustatory (taste) cells

Brush Cells

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Stem cells that give rise to other cell types

Basal Cells

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Anastomoses of five arteries supplying blood to the anterior nasal septum

Kiesselbach Plexus
-formed in an area called “Little’s Area” or Kiesselbach’s area or Kiesselbach’s Triangle

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nosebleed due to the rich blood supply at the kiessalbach’s area, caused by truma (local) and hypertension (systemic)

Epistaxis

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First part of the pharynx

Nasopharynx

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Also known as the voice box. Functions to protect the lower respiratory tract through the cough reflex.

Larynx
- important for Phonation/Sound production

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Larynx is located in the ____ compartment of the neck Anterior or Posterior?

Larynx is innervated by

Vagus Nerve

Contains vocal chords (center)

Glottis

True vocal cords

VOCAL FOLDS - supported by elastic connective tissue vocal ligament -covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium -> protects mucosa from rapid air movement Rima glottis - space between vocal cords

False vocal cords

Vestibular Folds -immovable folds -covered with respiratory epithelium Rima vestibuli - space between vestibular fold

Inflammation of the larynx due to viral infection. Accompanied by edema or swelling of lamina propria

Laryngitis

Syndrome in young children similar symptoms to laryngitis but with cough

Croup

Thyroid, Cricoid, superior arytenoid are what type of cartilage?

Hyaline Cartilage

Corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage, Epiglottis is what type of cartilage?

Elastic cartilage

Origin: Styloid process Insertion: Posterior and superior borders of thyroid cartilage Action: Elevate the larynx Nerve Innervation: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

Stylopharyngeus

Geniohyoid is innervated by

C1 Cervical Plexus

Anterior digastric is innervated by

CN V

Posterior digastric is innervated by

CN VII

Mylohyoid is innervated by

CN V

Stylohyoid is innervated by

CN VII

Infrahyoid muscles depresses the larynx and innervated by ansa cervicalis except for

Thyrohyoid - CI vis CN XII

only intrinsic laryngeal muscle that is innervated by superior laryngeal nerve of external branch of CN X

Cricothyroid muscle - main tensors of the vocal cords.

the only unpaired muscle of adductors of arytenoid cartilages A. Transverse Arytenoid Muscle B. Oblique Arytenoid Muscle

does not adducts the cricoarytenoid muscles, vocal cords.

Posterior Cricoarytenoid (only abductor of the vocal cords) *read 7x

Primary relaxers of the vocal cords

Thyroarytenoid

C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage

Trachea -anterior to the esophagus

Point of bifurcation of the trachea made of cartilaginous ring

CARINA

what level is the isthmus of thyroid gland relative to trachea

2nd - 3rd ring

base of the trachea and the beginning of the bifurcation is called?

Carina

relaxes to facilitate passage of food by allowing the esophagus to bulge into the lumen of the trachea

Swallowing

Consists of respiratory epithelium, smooth muscle + hyaline cartilage

Bronchi

inflammation of the bronchi, result in the thickening of the smooth muscle and excessive mucus production

Bronchitis

enters a pulmonary lobule, simple ciliated columnar to cuboidal, smooth muscle, no more cartilage, exocrine club cells

Bronchioles - important in bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

Chronic inflammation of the bronchial three. Characterized by sudden constrictions of the smooth muscle called bronchospasms.

Asthma

Exocrine cells that lines bronchioles, previously called Clara cells

CLUB CELLS

Secretes surfactant in the bronchioles

Club cells

Secretes surfactant in alveoli

Type II pneumocytes

Distal ends of respiratory bronchioles completely lined by alveoli and simple cuboidal cells

Alveolar Ducts

Ends of alveolar ducts that form large clusters of alveoli

Alveolar Sacs

Increase in size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with a concomitant destruction of lung tissue

EMPHYSEMA - Most common chronic disease of the lungs - "Pink Puffers"

Saclike evaginations responsible for the spongy structure of the lungs

Alveoli

Alveolar Macrophages Phagocytose erythrocytes from damaged capillaries and air-borne particulate matter

DUST CELLS

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavities (cavity that contain the lungs)

PLEURA

pleura that lines the pleural cavites

Parietal Pleura

Pleura that lines the lungs, continuous at the root of the lung.

Visceral Pleura

Areas of space between reflected areas of pleura

Pleural Recesses

entrance and exit for air tubes and blood vessels

HILUM

Blood supply of the lungs

Bronchial Artery

innervation of the lungs

Pulmonary Nerve plexus Parasympathetic division from CN X (Vagus). Bronchoconstrictors Sympathetic division from 2nd, 3rd, 4th sympathetic ganglia. Bronchodilators.

Parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae

CRURA

Esophageal hiatus is located in what Thoracic vertebra

T10

Aortic hiatus is located in what thoracic vertebra

T12

Caval hiatus is located in what thoracic vertebra

what is the blood supply of the diaphragm Superior or Inferior Phrenic artery?

Inferior Phrenic Artery

Innervation of diaphragm?

Phrenic Nerves

Main muscle involved in inspiration, moves inferiorly upon contraction and superiorly upon relaxation

Diaphragm

how many pairs of external intercostal muscles do you have?

11 Pairs - run downward and forward (inferioranteriorly) from the rib above to the rib below

what is the directions of external intercostals run?

Downward and Forward

Direction of internal intercostals

Downward and Backward (inferoposteriorly)

the volume of inspired and expired air per time unit

Pulmonary Ventilation

space in the airways where there is no exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and pulmonary capillary blood.

Dead space

Volume of conducting zone of the airways Normal Value = 150ml

Anatomic Dead Space

Anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space is called

Total/Physiologic dead space

State wherein an increase in alveolar ventilation exceeds the metabolic requirements of the body.

Hyperventilation - decrease in carbon dioxide partial pressure and increase in oxygen partial pressure

State wherein there is decrease in alveolar ventilation insufficient for the metabolic requirements of the body

Hypoventilation -increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure and decrease in oxygen partial pressure - causes respiratory acidosis

Air that enters lungs with each inspiration

TIDAL VOLUME

Air inspired with a maximal inspiration effort in excess to normal inspiratory volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

Air expired by an active expirational effort afte quiet passive expiration

Expiratory reserve volume

air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

Residual Volume

maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, passive exhalation

Inspirational capacity

Volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation

Functional residual capacity

Maximum volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration

Vital capacity

Entire gas volume of the lungs of the maximally spontaneous inflated pulmonary parenchyma and airways

Total Lung capacity

Respiratory System! Flashcards

(92 cards)