The Cell (Focus) Flashcards by Dexter Flores

the structural and functional unit of the living body

Cell

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Unit membrane having the “fluid mosaic model” and semi permeable membrane

Cell Membrane

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Forms a thin loose covering over the entire surface of the cell membrane

Glycocalyx

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surface of the cell membrane attached with proteins

Glycoproteins

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surface of the cell membrane attached with lipids

Glycolipids

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Provide route for diffusion of water-soluble substance like glucose and electrolytes

Channel Proteins

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Transport of substance across the cell membrane

Carrier Proteins

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Serves as receptor sites for hormones and neurotransmitters

Receptor proteins

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Induce the process of antibody formation

Antigen

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Control chemical reactions within the cell membrane

Enzymes

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Substance move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration, without using ATP

Passive Transport/Diffusion/Downhill Movement

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Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body tissues

Simple Diffusion

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Carrier proteins help the transport of substance

Facilitated Diffusion

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Movement of water/fluid or any other solvent from an area of lower concentration of solute to an area of higher concentration of solute through a semipermeable membrane

OSMOSIS

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Movement of substance against the chemical or electrical or electrochemical gradient. requires energy which is obtained mainly by breakdown of ATP

Active Transport

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Bulk movement of substance out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

Exocytosis

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Bulk movement of substances into the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane

Endocytosis

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vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia “Cell eating”

Phagocytosis

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Vesicle are formed as interstitial fluid is taken by the cell “Cell Drinking”

Pinocytosis

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form an interconnected network which forms the link between the organelles and cell membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Attachment of the granular ribosome also gives the beaded or granular appearance and concerned with the protein synthesis in the cell

Rough ER

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processing and delivery of substances like proteins and lipids to different parts of the cell, also known as “Post office, Shipping department” of the cell

GOLGI APPARATUS

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Removal of excess secretory products by degrading the secretory granules, “Digestive system of the Cell”

Lysosomes

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In melanocytes, secretory lysosomes secrete:

Melanin

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In Mast cells, secretory lysosomes secrete ________ which is an inflammatory mediator

Serotonin

Degrade the toxic substances line hydrogen peroxide and other metabolic product by means of "Detoxification", breakdown the excess fatty acids, accelerate gluconeogenesis from fats.

Peroxisomes

responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Centrioles

Situated near the center of the cell close to the nucleus

Centrosome

"Powerhouse of the Cell" ATP

Mitochondria

Involved in protein synthesis, organelles composed of both protein and ribosomal RNA, Protein factories of the cell.

RIBOSOMES

Determine the shape and structural strength of the cell, separation of chromosomes.

MICROTUBULES

Division of the cytoplasm, give structural strength to the cell.

Microfilament

Short, numerous membrane extensions supported by microtubules, found in trachea, bronchioles, primary bronchi, fallopian tube.

CILIA

Caused by a defect in the action of cilia, characterized by recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections, also called "immotile cilia syndrome"

Kartagener Syndrome

Long, singular membrane extension supported by microtubules, present on sperm cells, moves in quasi-sinusoidal waves

Flagella/Flagellum

Increase membrane surface area for greater absorption, brush border appearance/characteristics.

Microvilli

Most abundant in epidermis of the skin and retina

Melanin

Large structure enclosed within a double membrane with openings, houses the DNA that serves as the genetic material for DNA replication and direct protein synthesis

Nucleus

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents

Nuclear envelope

"Chromatin" - Made of a double stranded helical structure of DNA and proteins and also called "beads on string appearance" is?

Histones

Function of histones

Guides the coiling of DNA

Thread like structure that carry genetic information; contains a single double-stranded DNA molecule

Chromosome

Cloverleaf structure contains an anticodon triplet of bases to base pair. delivers amino acids to ribosome

tRNA

Carries the genetic information of DNA and directs protein synthesis

mRNA

Integral component of ribosomes, site of protein synthesis.

rRNA

"DNA to RNA" process which DNA serves as template for the assembly of molecules of RNA.

Transcription

"DNA to DNA" process of completely duplicating DNA within cell

Replication

Process in making proteins & polypeptide from mRNA

Translation

Code for amino acids and collectively determine the amino acid sequence of the protein product, represented in final mature of mRNA Molecule

Exons

Portion of the gene that do not code for amino acids, removed (spliced) from the mRNA molecule before translation

Introns

"1st growth Phase" Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated

G1 Phase

DNA synthesis

S Phase

Resting Phase where the cell has left the cycle and stopped dividing

G0 phase

Division of DNA/Somatic cells to make two daughter cells with copies of original genome--- diploid (2n)

Mitosis "Karyokinesis"

Phases: Chromosome condense, centrioles move to opposite poles.

PROPHASE

Phases: Spindle fibers align chromosomes along midline to cell to form metaphase plate. "Align at the equator of the cell"

Metaphase

Phases: Spindle fibers shorten to separate chromatids, pulling them to either end of cell. Chromosome SPLIT going towards opposite poles.

Anaphase

Formation of a new nuclear membrane containing diploid (2n) chromosomes

Telophase

Cytoplasm divides into two

Cytokinesis

any deviation in the number of chromosomes, whether fewer or more, from the normal haploid number of chromosomes.

Aneuploidy

most common chromosomal disorder

Trisomy 21

Characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 18. 47, XY, +18 oral findings: Micrognathia

Trisomy 18 (Edward's Syndrome)

Characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 13.

Patau Syndrome

One of the most common causes of male hypogonadism. Characterized by two or more X chromosomes and one or more Y Chromosomes. Clinical Findings: Atrophic, underdeveloped testes, gynecomastia, tall stature, and a lower IQ, "Bulls Teeth" - Taurodontism

Klinefelter Syndrome

One of the most important causes amenorrhea. Characterized by having only one X chromosome, with a total of 45 chr. and a karyotype of XO

Turners Syndrome

Also known as Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, results from abnormal development of derivatives from the 1st and 2nd branchial arches.

Treacher Collin Syndrome

develops from epithelial cells

Carcinoma

develops from mesenchymal cells

Sarcoma

There is a loss of differentiation in these cells

Anaplasia

Cells and their nuclei can appear in various forms and shapes

Pleomorphism

Programmed cell death, "Cell suicide"

Apoptosis

uncontrolled and unprogrammed death of cells due to unexpected and accidental damage. Ex. Injury, infection, inflammation, infarction and cancer.

Necrosis

Associated commonly with hypoxic or ischemic death of cells

Coagulation Necrosis

Coagulation necrosis happens in all cell tissues except:

BRAIN

Characterized by softening and liquefaction of the injured tissue, commonly found in the brain following the cutting off of the blood supply

Liquefaction Necrosis

accumulation of a cheeselike material. most often encountered in tuberculous infections.

Caseous Necrosis

Results in the enzymatic breakdown of fat cells and the subsequent formation and deposition of calcium-fatty acid complexes

Fatty Necrosis

Deposition of calcium salts in dead or degenerating tissues or in scar tissue

Dystrophic Calcifications

Precipitation of calcium salts within previously undamaged tissues, develops in association with increased level of calcium

Metastatic Calcifications

Complete absence of an organ or tissue

Agenesis

"almost" complete failure of development

Aplasia

Failure of an organ to develop completely

Hypoplasia

Reduction in the size of organ or tissue as a result of a decrease in either the size or component the cell

Atrophy

Increase in cell size so that the affected organ or tissue is enlarged without an increase in the number of cells

Hypertrophy - Best seen in striated muscle: Cardiac and skeletal

Enlargement of tissues or organs as a result of an increase in the number of constituent cells

Hyperplasia

One type of adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type, Qualitative alterations is the major feature.

Metaplasia

Regression to more primitive cell types with loss of structural and functional differentiatation of the cells

Anaplasia

Tumorlike malformation which represents a non-neoplastic developmental condition

Hamartoma

most common type of cell degeneration

Cloudy Swelling - Swelling is related to increased concentration of intracellular water and sodium, Opaque, soft consistency.

Abnormal accumulation of lipid in parenchymal cells, organs exhibits remarkable enlargement with a soft yellow and greasy cut surface

Fatty Degeneration

Characterized by intracytoplasmic accumulation of a hyaline substance in injured cells

Hyaline Degeneration

Abnormal Ig production with extracellular accumulation of immunoglobulin light chains in tissues

Amyloid Degeneration

Defined as the connection between neighboring cells or the contact between the cell and extracellular matrix

Cellular Junctions "Membrane Junction"

Attaches cells of the same type, seen between epidermis and between cardiac muscles.

Desmosomes / "Spot-weld-like or Macula Adherens"

Cell to matrix junction, Attaches cells of different type. Seen between Epidermal cells and basement membrane, Junctional Epi. and Tooth surface.

Hemidesmosomes