GI Flashcards
1
Q
Increase serum fasting Gastrin levels is suggestive of:
A
Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
2
Q
Scurvy is seen in
A
vit. C def
3
Q
Bleeding from Mallory Weiss Tear is usually long lasting or self limiting?
A
Self Limiting
4
Q
Virchow’s lymph node is located at and linked to what?
A
Left supraclavicular area
Associated with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma
5
Q
Pain that becomes worse with eating often corresponds to:
A
Gastric Ulcer
6
Q
Hematochezia/bloody diarrhea with mucus is indicative of
A
UC
7
Q
Gas w/i the wall of the small bowel seen on CT is a sign of
A
Strangulation
8
Q
tx for uncomplicated small bowel obstructioin:
A
NG tube
bowel rest
IV fluids
9
Q
Hep B window is defined as:
A
period of time when HBsAg and anti-HBsAg are bound together and therefor are not detectable.
Only anti-HBc are detectable
10
Q
Pain that is reduced/improved with eating often corresponds to:
A
Duodenal ulcer
11
Q
Bacterial cholangitis is often caused by what microrganisms?
A
E.Coli
Klebsiella
Enterococcus
Enterobacter
12
Q
Diagnostic triad for anal fissure:
A
Fissure
Sentinel tag
hypertrophied anal papilla
13
Q
Important complication of GERD is:
A
Barret’s Esophagus
Esophage Stricutre
14
Q
weakness in the abdominal wall through Hesselbach’s Triangle corresponds to:
A
Direction Inguinal Hernia
Direction Hesselbach
15
Q
Small bowel obstruction will production dilation of bowel greater than?
A
3 cm.
16
Q
which polyps have malignant potential?
A
Adenomatous
17
Q
Charcot’s triad + hypotension + altered mental status is known as:
A
Reynold’s pentad
Indicative of developing sepsis due to cholangitis
18
Q
Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus affects what portion of the esophagus?
A
lower 1/3
19
Q
signs of vit K def. is:
A
bleeding
20
Q
Alarm sx of GERD:
A
Refractory heartburn (despite medication use)
Dysphagia
Unintentional Weight Loss
GI bleed
21
Q
important complication of IBD is:
A
Toxic Megacolon
22
Q
Definition of bowel volvulus:
A
twisting of the bowel
23
Q
Tx for autoimmune Hepatitis is:
A
Corticosteroids
+
Immunosuppressant
24
Q
Esophageal Stricture is usually preceeded by:
A
Long lasting GERD or Esophagitis
25
Pancreatic CA marker is:
**CA 19.9**
26
**Zollinger Elison Syndrome** can be diagnosed with:
**Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy**
27
spams of the facial muscles in respons to taping on the angle of the jaw is known as:
**Chvostek** sign
28
multiple **air levels** in a **stepladder patterns** seen on upright supine abdominal film is indicative of
**Small bowel obstruction**
29
**Pill induced esophagitis** is caused by which meds:
Doxycycline
Tetracycline
NSAIDs
Bisphosphonates
Pottasium (KCl)
30
**Jaundice + Puritis** in a young male is notorious for:
**Primary sclerosing cholangitis**
31
**Dilated esophagus**
**birds beak / rat tail sign**
seen on barrium swallow study are indicative of:
**Achalasia**
32
Choledocholithiasis often causes?
**Chalangitis**
33
Thiamine is also known as:
**vit B1**
34
Gastric Bypass causes which vitamin def?
**B12**
35
Protrusion through the **internal/deep inguinal ring** into the scrotal sac is known as:
**Indirect Inguinal Hernia**
36
next step after diagnosing **strangulation** of small bowel
**surgery**
37
Most common causes of obstruction (large and small bowel)
Adhesion\>small bowel
Neoplams\>large bowel
38
**Pyroxidine** is also known as:
vit **B6**
39
Raised white plaque (which can be removed) seen on endoscopy is indicated of:
**Candida esophagitis**
40
**tumor marker** used to monitor colon cancer is:
CEA
**C**olon=**C**EA
41
Visual problems are caused by deficiancy in vit?
**A**
42
**Esophageal Varices** are often caused by:
**Portal HTN**
**Liver Cirrhosis**
**Budd Chiary Syndrome (IVC thrombus)**
43
**Sister Mary Joseph nodule** are located at:
umbilical regions
seen in GI cancers
44
Esophageal cancer caused by:
Obesity
Barret's esophagus / GERD
is known as:
Adenocarcinoma
45
Radiation therapy to neck, chest, upper abdomen will often result in what?
**Radiation induced esophagitis.**
46
**Hereditary non-polyposis syndrome** requires colonoscopy at:
**25 y.o every 2 years old.**
47
**Chronic liver cirrhosis** is differentiated from **acute liver cirhhosis** by the presence of:
**Spider Angiomata** (due to high estrogen)
Portal HTN
48
Mucosal involvment lesion are indicative of
Ulcerative Collitis
## Footnote
**Mucosal=Ulcerative Collitis**
49
Pathophysiology of **Celliac Dz:**
**Destruction of GI mucosa**
**IgA ednomysial antibodies** - most specifi
Tissue transglutaminase antibodies
50
Pancreatic calcifications seen on x ray
Steatorrhea (fatty stool)
DMI II
are all signs of:
Chronic Pancreatits
51
isolated elevation of unconjugated bilirubin
w/o any additional sx is known as:
**Gilbert** syndrome
52
Abx of choice for acute cholecystitis are:
Ampicillin + aminoglycoside
53
Which IBD is associated with increased risk of colon CA?
**UC \> CA**
54
severe acute abdominal pain which is **out of proportion** is often associated with:
**Acute Mesenteric Ischemia**
55
Tx for intussusception in kids is:
**Barium enema**
56
Most common location for Gastrinoma tumor is:
**Duodenum**
57
tx for **PUK** is:
strict control of protein intake
58
**Transmural lesions** are indicative of
**Crohn's dz**
59
most common age for IBD is
20's and 30's
60
**Internal and external** hemorrhoids (painfull vs. non painful)
Internal \> nonpainful
External \> painful
61
**Posterior esophageal outpouching in the area of hypopharynx is known as:**
**Zenker's Diverticula**
62
tx for Esophagial spasm is:
**Ca channel blockers**
**hyoscyamine**
63
**Lead pipe** appearance (**loss of haustral markings**) seen on barium enema is indicative of:
**UC**
64
Esophageal cancer likely caused by **smoking and alcohol is:**
**Sqamous Cancer**
| (**S**qamous=Smoking)
65
risk factors for **Toxic Megacolon**:
UC
Crohn's Dz
Pseudomembranous colitis
66
Most common location for Diverticulitis is:
**Sigmoid colon**
67
Pain in the **LLQ** often corresponds to
**Diverticulitis**
68
Treatment for **Esophageal Stricture** is:
**Endoscopic Dilatation**
**followed by PPI**
**followed by endoscopic triacinolone (if PPI fail)**
69
Descibe appendicitis pain?
Starts at **periumbilical regions**
then **radiates into RLQ**
70
Epithelial problems and skin disorders are caused by def. in vit?
**A**
71
**Charcot's triad** is indicative of:
**Cholangitis**
72
Abx for any colon conditions:
**Ciprofloxacin and metronidazol**e
73
Pt with Sicle Cell Dz
Irrititable Bowel Syndrome
Hemolytic anemia are known
to have what kind of GB stones:
**Bilirubin stone**
74
Unique side effect of ***_Cimetidine_*** (H2 blocker) is:
**Gynocomastia / importence** in men
**Galactorrhea** in women.
75
in a pt with family history of colon cancer in a relative younger than 50 y.o colonoscopy should be perforemd at:
**relative's age _minus_ 10 years old.**
76
Tx options for Achalasia:
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nitrates
Botox injections
Surgical: myotomy, dilatation
77
**Umbilical Ecchymosis** (blueish collor) is known as:
**Cullin sign**
78
Definition of **Murphy's signs** is:
**Inhibition of inspiration** due to pain during palpationg in the RUQ
79
RLQ pain vs LLQ pain in Cronh's vs. UC DZ
Crohn's \> RLQ pain
UC \> LLQ pain
80
**Hematoemesis** after extensive vomitting is usually a result of:
**Mallory Weiss Tear**
81
Medications known to cause **pill induced esophagitis**:
NSAID
Doxycycline
Tetracycline
Bisphosphonates
82
Most Common cause of Peptic Ulcer Dz **(PUD**):
**H Pylori**
**Smoking**
**NSAID**
83
Pharmacological tx of Zollinger Ellison Syndrome is:
PPI
84
Serum Ascites Albumin Gradient (**SAAG)** score is used to:
Diagnose **portal HTN**
SAAG\>1 is indicative of portal HTN
85
The main pathological mechanism ofa Achalasia is:
Inability of lower esophageal sphincter to relax.
86
**Ranson's criteria** is used for
evaluation of acute pancreotitis
87
Diagnostic method for **infectious Esophagitis** is:
**Endoscopy with biopsy**
88
marker of Celiac Dz is:
**HLA-DQ2**
89
Side effects of **PPI:**
**CAP**
**CKD**
**Bone fractures**
**C-Diff**
90
**Acyclovir** MoA
Nucloeside Analoges:
reduce viral DNA synthesis.
91
**H2** blockers are _more or less_ potent than **PPI**?
less
## Footnote
**PPI \> H2 blockers**
92
**CREST** syndrome is seen in:
pt with **Scleroderma:**
**C**alcinosis
**R**aynaud's phenomenon
_**E**sophagial dysmotility_
**S**clerodactyly
**T**elangiectasias
93
What effect **Scleroderma** has on esophagus:
Thickening of esophagus leads to:
dysphagia to liquids and solids
94
**Night blindness** is caused by
Vit A def.
95
**internal hip rotation** of the bent knee (lateral rotation) is known as:
**Obturator sign**
96
Hepatitis that are **self limiting and are fecal-oral transmission**?
**Hep A & E**
97
Mouth to Anus lesions are knonw as:
Crohn's
| (***mouth\>anus\>crhon'***)
98
Abx tx for **perforated app**y:
**ceftriaxone+metronidazole**
99
Left supraclavicular lymph node enlargement is known as:
**Virchow nodes**
**linked to adenocarcinoma**
100
Risk Factors for **Gastrinoma (Zillinger Ellison Syndrome)**
**Excessive acid production**
**Refractory PUD**
101
Mainstay pharmacologic GERD tx is:
**Proton Pump Inhibitors**
102
**Stomach adenocarcinoma** has strong assosiation with
***H Pylori***
103
**Hyperactive, high pitch** bowel sounds are indicative of:
**_early stage_** of small bowel obstruction
104
Elevation of **Alkaline Phosphate** often corresponds to:
**Billiary Obstruction**
105
Most sensitive test of ***H Pylori*** is:
**_Urea breath test_**
| (H pylori produces ***urease***)
106
**Highest rate of strangulation** is among which types of hernia?
Femoral hernia
107
MoA PPI
Binds noncompleitively and irreversibly to H/K APAse and blocks H+ secretion by **parietal cell.**
108
**Gilbert** syndrome
underactivity of the conjugating enzyme bilirubin-uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase.
109
**Corckscrew sign** on barrium swallow test is indicative of:
Esophagial Spasm
110
Infection of the **anal gland** often produces:
Perianal abscess/fitsula
111
Predisposing factor for **Infectious Esophagitis** is:
**Immunocompromised**
HIV
Chemotherapy
Diabetis
Proloing steroid use
112
**Tenesmus** is:
urge to defecate when there is no stool
113
**Schatski's rings** are caused by:
GERD/hiatal hernia
occure in distal esophagus
114
Encephalopathy caused by liver cirrhosis is treated with:
Lactulose
and
TIPPS procedure
115
RLQ pain with hip flexition is known as:
**Psoas sign**
116
**Plummer Vinson** syndrome consists of:
Iron Deficiancy Anemia
Glossitis
Esophageal Webs
117
Smoking is a risk factor for Crohn's or UC
Crohn's DZ
**Cmoking=Crohn's**
smoking improves UC
118
Long use of **PPI** may lead to:
lack of **B12** cause pericious anemia
119
sx of **wet Beriberi**
cardiac dysfunction and Wernicker' encephalopathy
120
in a pt with a colon polyp, colonoscopy should be performed at:
every 5 years after the initial colonsocopy
121
most common location of bowel volvulus is:
segmoid
122
tx for Clostridium difficile / pseudomembraneous collitis is:
**Oral Metronidazole**
123
Flank Ecchymosis (bluesh sign) is known a
**Grey Turner**
124
Monometry findings in **Achalasia** and **Esophagial Dysmotility** caused by **scleroderma**:
**Achalasia**\>Increased lower esophageal sphincter tone
**Scleroderma**\>Decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone
125
MoA of **Octreotide**:
Used for Esophageal Varices:
reduces flow in the splenic vein
reduces portal HTN
126
tx of toxic megacolon:
IV fluids
Abx
decompression of colon
colectomy if indicated
127
sx of dry Beriberi:
neuropathy
poor coordination
128
sx of anal fissure:
recent constipation
recent opiod use
sever pain after bowel movement
129
**Diverticulosis** involves which layers of the collon?
mucosal and submucosal herniating through muscular layer
130
Palpable GB is known as
**Courvoisier's sign**
131
Hep A and E are **acute conditions** therefore they will only develop which antibodies?
**IgM**
132
**absence of parasympathetic ganglion** cells in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses in the affected segment of the **large intestine**
**Hirschprung's disease**
133
Most common cause of **Upper GI bleed** are:
**Esophageal Varices**
134
Tx for Herpes Esophagitis is:
**Acyclovir** (antiviral)
135
Which hemorrhoid grade requires surgery?
grade IV
136
**Lactulose** is used in:
**Hepatic Encephalopathy**:
it removes amonia from the blood
137
Most common **anal cancer is**
**Squamous cell**
138
Most common GI organ affected by **Scleroderma** is:
**Esophagus**
139
Definition of Intussusception is:
Invagination of proximal segment of the colon into distal
140
Risk factors for Intussusceoption in adults:
**Neoplasm**
141
Pharmacologycal tx of esophagial varices:
**Octreotide** (vasoactive)
**Vitamin K** (corrects PT)
**Lactulose** (corrects encephalopathy)
142
Most specific marker for **acute pancreotitis** is:
**Lipase**
143
Most common location of anal fissure is:
posteir midline
144
**Dentate line**:
divides internal and external hemorrhoids
145
Ulcerative Colitits (UC) can or can not be cured with surgery?
s**U**rgery is c**U**rrative
**UC** = s**U**rgery/c**U**rrative
146
**Zollinger Ellison Syndrome** is also known as:
**Gastrinoma**: gastrin secreting tumor
147
replacement of s**quamous epithelium by columnar** in the esophagus is known as:
**Barrets** esophagus
148
**Primary sclerosing cholangitis** is linked to:
**Ulcerative Collitis**
GI/Bill Cancers
149
hemolytic anemia in premature infants is caused by:
vit E def.
**E**=an**E**mia
150
**Skip lesions** with **Cobble Stone** appearance is indicative of:
Crohn's dz
## Footnote
**Skip=Cobble=Crohn**
151
Pharm tx for **_mild_** GERD is:
**_Antacids_**
## Footnote
**_H2 blockers_**
*-tidine-*
152
**Palpable sausage mass** in the abdomen is indicative of:
**intussusception**
153
Risk factors for Intussusceoption in kids:
Viral enteritis
Cystic Fibrosis
Meckel's diverticulum
154
which hernia is more common direct or indirect?
**Indirect**
155
Pt with IBD x more than 10 years should get colonosopy every
2 years due to increased risk of colon CA
156
**Birds' beak** or **rat tail** sign seen on barrium swallowing tests is suggestive of:
**Achalasia**
157
**Hep C** is what type of virus?
**Single stranded RNA**
158
**Dermatitis herpetiformis** is related to:
**Celiac Disease**
159
inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine is known as:
PKU
160
**Misoprostol**:
Prostaglandin analog
may be used to treat PUD
stimulates mcous and bicarbonate secretions
161
Golden standard for **diagnosing/confirming** Celiac Dz is:
**Serology with mucosal biopsy**
162
Example of **H2 blockers** are:
**-TIDINE-**
163
Most common cause of **large bowel obstruction** is:
neoplasm
164
Tx for **anal fissure**:
topical **nitroglicerin**
topical **diltiazem**
165
**Anal cancer** is closed linked to which virus?
**HPV**
166
**Incarcerated** hernia:
Non reducable
Blood flow is intact
167
**Hepatic Encephalopathy** is caused by:
Liver cirrhosis:
Liver does not remove amonia from the blood
168
vit E def. is seen in children with:
CF
169
**Gradual disphagia** and regurgitation of undigested foods **seen when lower esophagial spincter fails to relax is known as:**
Achalasia
170
Tx for long lasting bleeding from Mallory Weiss Tear is:
Epinephrine injections
Thermal Coagulation
171
painless rectal bleeding in 2 y.o pt is usualy indicative of
**Meckel diverticulum**
172
173
Majority of GB stones are made of:
**cholesterol**
174
**Ranson criteria** for admission includes:
age \> 55
glucose \> 200
WBC \> 16,000
LDH \> 350
AST \> 250
175
sx of Esophagitis:
Odonophasia
Dysphasia
176
Diffuse **rectal erythema** is indicative of
UC
177
Abx for non perforated acute appy:
**Timentin**
178
Pain in the RLQ during LLQ pressure is known as:
**Rebound Tenderness** / **Rovsing's** signs
**(R=R)**
indicative of acute appy
179
LFT marker which is elevated in Viral Hepatitis is:
**ALT**
180
Esophagial **Food Impaction** is suggestive of:
**Esophageal Webs**
or
**Schatzi's ring**
181
Gold standard test for: **Cholycystitis and Cholagitis**
**HIDA**\>Cholecystitis
**ERCP**\>Cholegitis
182
**B12 and Iron** absorption are _____ after a prolonged use of PPI
reduced
183
184
Tx fir **Candida** Esophagitis is:
Amphotericin
Fluconazole
Ketoconazole
185
Most common etiology o**f acute appendicitis** is?
**Fecolith**
186
Most effect treatment of GERD is:
weight loss
187
Most common non GI manifistation of IBD is:
Arthritis (joint pain)
188
Most Gastric Lymphomas are:
Non Hodgkins
189
Risk population for Hep C:
IV drug use
**organ transplant / blood transfusion prior to 1992**
**HemoDialasis**
HIV
children born to infected mothers
190
**Niacin toxicity** sx is:
**flushing**
191
Tx for Hep C is:
Ribavirin + Pegylated Interferon
192
Ulceerative Colitits can be treated with
Surgery
193
**Celliac dz** in children under 2 y.o is manifested by:
**malabsorption sx:**
Diarrhea, weight loss, abd distention, growth retardation.
194
The Gold Standard for diagnosis GERD is:
**24 hour pH monitorising**
| (probe left 6 cm above the LES)
195
Acute phase of Hep B will test positive for:
Hep B surface antigen
Hep B core antigen
Antibody to Hep B core (IgM)
196
Best test to diagnose **Achalasia** is:
**Monotomy study**
197
complication of phenylketonuria (PKU) is
mental retardation
198
Colonoscopy screening should start at:
50 y.o ever 10 years.
199
A person who recovered from Hep B will test positive for:
Antibodies to Hep B surface antigen
and
Antibodies to Hep B core antigen (G type)
200
Risk factors for **Gastric Adenocarcinom**a
**H Pylori**
**Smoking**
**Blood Group A**
201
Biomarker for Hepatocellular carcinoma?
**Alpha-fetoprotein.**
202
moans, groans, bones are indicative of:
HyperCalcemia
203
Extraintestinal manifistation of IBD:
Pyoderma gangrenosum, Erythema Nodosum
Iritis, Conjunctivitis, Uveitis
Arthritis
Sclerosing cholangitis, Hepat, GB stones
204
**Currant jelly** stool is indicative of
**Intussusception**
205
Treatment Protocal of H Poliry?
**_Tipple Therapy x 2 weeks_**
PPI+Clarithromycin+Amoxicilin
or
**_Quadruple Theraphy x 2 weeks_**
PPI + Bisthmus + 2 abx
206
sx of **Zenker's Diverticula**:
Regurgitation, bad breath (halitosis), dysphagia
h/o: hiatal hernia, esophageal spasm
207
IgA **ednomysial antibodies** are indicative of
Celliac Dz
208
painfull **McBurney's point** is a signs of:
**acute Appy**
209
tx for acute IBD:
Corticosteroids
210
Best tx for acute pancreatitis
IV fluids
211
most common cause of small bowel obstruction:
adhesions
212
Bird's beak volvulus seen on abd film is a sign of
Large bowel obstruction
213
risk factors for acute mesenteric ischemia:
a fib
PAD or CAD
hx of hypercoagulability
214
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
215
**Tenesmus + mucus passage** is often seen in:
UC
216
Abx for diverticulitis include:
**Ciproflaxin + metronidazole**
217
**Enterochromaffin** cells (ECL) in the stomach produce:
**Histamine**
218
Abscess in the **sacrococcygeal (natal) cleft** is known as:
**Pilonidal Disease**
219
Esophageal Cancer caused by **obesity and Barrett's esophagus** is known as:
**Adenocarcinoma**
220
alchoholics have which vitamin def.
**B6** (pyroxidine)
221
tx for intestinal ischemia is:
IV fluids
222
**Trousseau** and **Chvostek** signs are indicative of:
**hypoCalcemia.**
223
Loss of esophageal compliance and esophagial fibrosis caused by chronic inflammation is known as:
Esophageal Stricture
224
**B1 (Thyiamine)** def. produces:
**Beriberi**
225
Most common stomach cancer is:
**Adenocarcinoma**
226
***H Pylori*** mophology is:
Grem -
Spiral
Bacilus
227
**RUQ pain**
**Fever**
**Jaundice**
correspond to:
**Charcot's triad**
indicative of Cholangitis
228
Imaging modality of choice in the setting of acute diverticulitis is:
CT with oral contrast
229
spasm of the fingers caused by inflating a blood pressure cuf is known as:
**Trousseau** sign
230
**Niacin** Deficiency is known as:
**Pellagra**
231
The presence of **antibodies to Hep B surface antigen (*antiHBsAg*)** only is indicative of:
**previous immunization**
232
Colon fistual are seen in:
Crohn's Dz
## Footnote
**Crohn's fistula**
233
**Apple Core appearnace** on barium anema abdominal x ray should make you suspect:
colon cancer
234
**Onion skin pattern** on a liver biopsy is indicative of:
**Primary sclerosing cholangitis.**
235
Large esophagial ulcers seen on endoscopy are indicative of:
**CMV esophagitis.**
**large CMV**
236
Most common type of colon cancer is:
**adenocarcinoma**
237
**Transverse proximal esophageal Webs** that appear like **"shelfs"** are known as:
**Esophageal Webs**
238
**Aspergillus** is associated with:
Hepatocellular CA
239
**Sqamous Esophageal Cancer** affects what portion of the esophagus?
**upper 2/3**
240
**Strangulated** hernia
can not be reduced
**compromised** blood supply
241
**Distal onset** with progressive **continuous** proximal invovlment of the **colon** is indicative of
**Ulcerative Colitis**
242
pt. with Celliac Dz require supplementation of which vitamins/minnerals:
B12, folate, Ca, vitamin D
243
**Pseudomembranous colitis** is caused by
***C diff***
244
**Asterixis** is?
hand tremor when the werist is extended
seen in cirrhosis patients.
245
**Cullen signs** and **Grey-Turner** signs are indicative of:
**Acute Pancreatitis**
246
Autoimmune reaction to **gluten (gliadin)** products is known as:
**Celiac Disease**
247
**Valganciclovir** is used to treat CMV esophagitis.
What is the important side effect of this medication?
**Neutrophenia**
**Thrombocytopenia**
248
example of **PPI**:
***-ZOLE-***
249
The best test to diagnoses GB stones is:
**HIDA**
not US
250
Inability of lower esophageal sphincter to relax leads to:
Achalasia
251
maintenance tx of IBD
**mesalamine** (5 ASA)
**meaintenance=mesalamine**
Penesa
Asacol
Rowasa
252
**Villous** polyps are:
have very high malignant potential
253
**Ridig abdomen**
Distention
Rebound tenderness
are possible signs of:
**Toxic megacolon**
254
**Thurmb print** sign of abdominal X ray is indicative of:
Bowel edema (often seen in **collon ischemia**)
255
**Colon distention greater than 6 cm** is indicative of
**Toxic Megacolon**
256
Most common location of colon cancer is:
**cecum**
257
risk factors for **umbilical hernia:**
female infants
pregnancy
obesity
258
Tx for **CMV** esophagitis is:
**Valgancyclovir**
259
MoA of **_H2 blockers_**:
Step 1. Blocks **Histamine** from binding to **H2 receptors on paietal cells**
Step 2. Reduces Acid secretion by slowin down H/K ATPase
260
Colonoscopy or barium enema in the settings of diverticulitis is:
**contraindicated** cause of the high risk of **bowel performation**
261
golden standard for diagnosis IBD is:
Colonoscopy with biopsy
262
**Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)** is used for:
**Dissolution** of cholesterole GB stone in pt who can not proceed with chelycystectomy
263
**Multiple shallow esophagial** ulcers seen on endoscopy is indicated of:
**Herpes esophagitis**
**(shallow herpes)**
264
High levels of gastrin are caused by:
Perenicious Anemia
or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
265
which antibody is indicative for **primary biliary cirrhosis**?
Antimitochondrial
266
in alcoholic hepatitis AST/ALT will be:
AST/ALT\>2:1
