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First Year > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the tongue muscles?

A

CNXII - The hypoglossal

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2
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

A

CNX - Vagus

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3
Q

What are the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

The external layer of pharyngeal muscles

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4
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

CNX - Vagus

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5
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve & CNX - Vagus

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6
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve

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7
Q

What cranial nerve is involved in the sensory limb of the gag reflex?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve

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8
Q

What cranial nerve is involved in the motor limb of the gag reflex?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve & CNX - Vagus

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9
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the general sensory anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CNV3 - The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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10
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the special sensory anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CNVII - The facial nerve

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11
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve

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12
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the jaw opening and closing?

A

CNV3 - The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

What muscle(s) are involved in the closing of the jaw?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

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14
Q

What muscle(s) are involved in the opening of the jaw?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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15
Q

What are the pterygoid plates a part of?

A

The sphenoid bone

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16
Q

How would a patient with appendicitis describe the pain?

A

It starts as a dull ache around the umbilicus, then moves to become a localised sharp pain in the right iliac fossa due to irritation of the parietal peritoneum

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17
Q

What part of the gastrointestinal tract does the Vagus nerve innervate?

A

Up to the distal end of the transverse colon

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18
Q

What part of the gastrointestinal tract do the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,S3,S4) innervate?

A

From the descending colon to the anal canal

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19
Q

What type of organ is the liver?

A

Intraperitoneal

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20
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerve synapse?

A

Directly onto the cells of the adrenal gland

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21
Q

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibres of the foregut?

A

T6 to T9

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22
Q

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibres of the midgut?

A

T8 to T12

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23
Q

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibres of the hindgut?

A

T10 to L2

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24
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

To store and concentrate bile

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25
Q

What is the function of the coeliac trunk?

A

Supplies the organs of the foregut

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26
Q

Where is the coeliac trunk found?

A

At T12 level

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27
Q

What is the origin of the coeliac trunk?

A

It is a branch of the abdominal aorta

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28
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Breaks down red blood cells to produce bilirubin

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29
Q

What protects the spleen?

A

Ribs 9-11

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30
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

The celiac trunk

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31
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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32
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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33
Q

What vein drains the foregut?

A

The splenic vein

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34
Q

What vein drains the midgut?

A

The portal venous system

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35
Q

What vein drains the hindgut?

A

The inferior mesenteric vein

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36
Q

What supplies the stomach with blood?

A

The right and left gastric arteries & the right and left gastro-omental arteries

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37
Q

What is the origin of the left gastric artery?

A

The hepatic artery

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38
Q

What is the origin of the left gastric artery?

A

The coeliac trunk

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39
Q

What is the origin of the right gastro-omental artery?

A

The gastro-duodenal branch of hepatic artery

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40
Q

What is the origin of the left gastro-omental artery?

A

The splenic artery

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41
Q

What are the folds of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

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42
Q

Where is the liver found?

A

Lies deep to ribs 7-11

43
Q

What are the different liver lobes?

A

Right, left, caudate, quadrate

44
Q

How is the right liver lobe described?

A

It’s the largest lobe

45
Q

How is the left liver lobe described?

A

The flattened smaller one

46
Q

What separates the left and right liver lobes?

A

The fossae for the gallbladder and the inferior vena cava

47
Q

Where is the caudate liver lobe located?

A

Between the fissure for the ligamentum venosum and the inferior vena cava

48
Q

Where is the quadrate liver lobe located?

A

Between the gallbladder and the fissure for the ligamentum teres hepatis

49
Q

What artery supplies the gallbladder?

A

The cystic artery

50
Q

What is the hepatorenal recess?

A

The hepatorenal recess is a space located on the inferior right aspect of the liver, between this organ and the right kidney and suprarenal gland

51
Q

What is the subphrenic recess?

A

The subphrenic recess is a space between the diaphragmatic surface of the liver from the inferior surface of the diaphragm; it is split by the falciform ligament of the liver into right and left areas

52
Q

Where are the hepatorenal and subphrenic recesses located?

A

The greater sac

53
Q

What does the portal triad consist of?

A

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile duct

54
Q

How is the ampulla of vater formed?

A

The bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct

55
Q

What is calots triangle?

A

A small anatomical space in the abdomen

56
Q

What is the medial border of calots triangle?

A

Common hepatic duct

57
Q

What is the inferior border of calots triangle?

A

Cystic duct

58
Q

What is the superior border of calots traingle?

A

Inferior surface of the liver

59
Q

What is jaundiced caused by?

A

Increased levels of blood bilirubin

60
Q

What supplies the pancreas with blood?

A

Mainly from pancreatic branches of splenic artery and superior & inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

61
Q

What is the origin of the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery?

A

From the gastroduodenal branch of the hepatic artery

62
Q

What is the origin of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery?

A

From the superior mesenteric artery

63
Q

What part(s) of the duodenum are intraperitoneal?

A

The 1st part

64
Q

What part(s) of the duodenum are retroperitoneal?

A

The 2nd, 3rd & 4th parts

65
Q

What is meant by the term visceral peritoneum?

A

Peritoneum that lines organs

66
Q

What is meant by the term parietal peritoneum?

A

Peritoneum that lines under skin

67
Q

What is the purpose of the omentum?

A

It separates the peritoneal cavity into the lesser and greater sacs

68
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliacs?

A

At L4 level

69
Q

What is the the main arterial anastamosis in the large intestine called?

A

The marginal artery of Drummond

70
Q

What is the hindgut part of the blood supply to the rectum and anal canal?

A

Superior rectal artery from the internal mesenteric artery

71
Q

What is the somatic part (below the pectinate line) of the blood supply to the rectum and anal canal?

A

Middle and inferior rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery

72
Q

What are the 3 important sites of portal systemic anastomoses?

A
  • Distal end of oesophagus
  • Skin around the umbilicus
  • Rectum/anal canal
73
Q

What muscle for the majority of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani muscle

74
Q

When does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?

A

At the rectosigmoid junction, anterior to S3

75
Q

When does the rectum become the anal canal?

A

Anterior to the tip of the coccyx

76
Q

What are the 3 muscles associated with the levator ani muscle?

A

iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis

77
Q

What nerves supply the levator ani muscle?

A
  • Nerve to levator ani (a branch of the sacral plexus, S3, S4)
  • Pudenal nerve (S2,S3,S4)
78
Q

What is the function of the pudenal nerve?

A

Stimulates the contraction of the external anal sphincter, keeping the pelvis off the floor

79
Q

Where does the pudenal nerve enter?

A

Via the greater sciatic foramen

80
Q

Where does the pudenal nerve exit?

A

Through the lesser sciatic foramen

81
Q

What is the function of the common hepatic duct?

A

Where bile travels through from the liver

82
Q

What is the function of the bile duct?

A

Where bile travels through from the gallbladder

83
Q

Where do inguinal ligaments attach?

A

Between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle

84
Q

Where is the deep ring located?

A

The midpoint of the inguinal ligament

85
Q

What is meant by the term direct inguinal hernia?

A

A bit of peritoneum is forced through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, and directly out of the superficial ring

86
Q

What is meant by the term indirect inguinal hernia?

A

A bit of peritoneum is forced through the deep ring, into the inguinal canal, then out of the superficial ring

87
Q

How do you differentiate between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?

A

Reduce the hernia, occlude the deep ring with finger-tip, and ask patient to cough. If it is a direct hernia, the lump will reappear as it does not need to pass through the deep ring to get out into the scrotum

88
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage?

A

It is the largest of the nine laryngeal cartilages

89
Q

Where is thyroid cartilage located?

A

The thyroid cartilage is situated between the cricoid cartilage and the hyoid bone

90
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage composed of?

A

Two identical hyaline cartilage laminae that meet at the midline and form the laryngeal prominence (i.e. the Adam’s apple) and a third, superior, unfused lamina that creates the laryngeal notch

91
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

It is a complete circle of cartilage

92
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage located?

A

It is attached superiorly via the median cricothyroid ligament to the inferior aspect of the thyroid cartilage

93
Q

What is the purpose of the cricotracheal ligament?

A

It holds the upper and lower respiratory tracts together

94
Q

What is the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis?

A

It is an elastic cartilage which looks like a leaf

95
Q

What is the function of the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis?

A

When oral contents are swallowed, it functions by closing over the laryngeal inlet (rima glottidis)

96
Q

Where is the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis located?

A

It is situated between the hyoid bone and the dorsal part of the tongue anteriorly and the laryngeal inlet posteriorly

97
Q

Where is the superior tip of the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis located?

A

It is left standing free

98
Q

Where is the base of the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis located?

A

It is fastened to the thyroid laminae in the midline via the thyroepiglottic ligament

99
Q

What are the arytenoid cartilages?

A

They are a pyramidal cartilage with three faces

100
Q

Where is the arytenoid cartilage located?

A

It articulates with the lateral superoposterior aspects of the lamina of cricoid cartilage

101
Q

What are the three processes of an arytenoid cartilage?

A

The apex, vocal and muscular processes

102
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

A horseshoe-shaped bone in the neck

103
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

In the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage

First Year (71 decks)

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