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GI Anatomy Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the tongue muscles?

A

CNXII - The hypoglossal

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2
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

A

CNX - Vagus

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3
Q

What are the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

The external layer of pharyngeal muscles

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4
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

CNX - Vagus

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5
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve & CNX - Vagus

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6
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve

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7
Q

What cranial nerve is involved in the sensory limb of the gag reflex?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve

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8
Q

What cranial nerve is involved in the motor limb of the gag reflex?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve & CNX - Vagus

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9
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the general sensory anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CNV3 - The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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10
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the special sensory anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CNVII - The facial nerve

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11
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CNIX - Glossopharyngeal nerve

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12
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the jaw opening and closing?

A

CNV3 - The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

What muscle(s) are involved in the closing of the jaw?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

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14
Q

What muscle(s) are involved in the opening of the jaw?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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15
Q

What are the pterygoid plates a part of?

A

The sphenoid bone

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16
Q

How would a patient with appendicitis describe the pain?

A

It starts as a dull ache around the umbilicus, then moves to become a localised sharp pain in the right iliac fossa due to irritation of the parietal peritoneum

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17
Q

What part of the gastrointestinal tract does the Vagus nerve innervate?

A

Up to the distal end of the transverse colon

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18
Q

What part of the gastrointestinal tract do the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,S3,S4) innervate?

A

From the descending colon to the anal canal

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19
Q

What type of organ is the liver?

A

Intraperitoneal

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20
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerve synapse?

A

Directly onto the cells of the adrenal gland

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21
Q

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibres of the foregut?

A

T6 to T9

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22
Q

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibres of the midgut?

A

T8 to T12

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23
Q

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibres of the hindgut?

A

T10 to L2

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24
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

To store and concentrate bile

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25
What is the function of the coeliac trunk?
Supplies the organs of the foregut
26
Where is the coeliac trunk found?
At T12 level
27
What is the origin of the coeliac trunk?
It is a branch of the abdominal aorta
28
What is the function of the spleen?
Breaks down red blood cells to produce bilirubin
29
What protects the spleen?
Ribs 9-11
30
What artery supplies the foregut?
The celiac trunk
31
What artery supplies the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
32
What artery supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
33
What vein drains the foregut?
The splenic vein
34
What vein drains the midgut?
The portal venous system
35
What vein drains the hindgut?
The inferior mesenteric vein
36
What supplies the stomach with blood?
The right and left gastric arteries & the right and left gastro-omental arteries
37
What is the origin of the left gastric artery?
The hepatic artery
38
What is the origin of the left gastric artery?
The coeliac trunk
39
What is the origin of the right gastro-omental artery?
The gastro-duodenal branch of hepatic artery
40
What is the origin of the left gastro-omental artery?
The splenic artery
41
What are the folds of the stomach called?
Rugae
42
Where is the liver found?
Lies deep to ribs 7-11
43
What are the different liver lobes?
Right, left, caudate, quadrate
44
How is the right liver lobe described?
It's the largest lobe
45
How is the left liver lobe described?
The flattened smaller one
46
What separates the left and right liver lobes?
The fossae for the gallbladder and the inferior vena cava
47
Where is the caudate liver lobe located?
Between the fissure for the ligamentum venosum and the inferior vena cava
48
Where is the quadrate liver lobe located?
Between the gallbladder and the fissure for the ligamentum teres hepatis
49
What artery supplies the gallbladder?
The cystic artery
50
What is the hepatorenal recess?
The hepatorenal recess is a space located on the inferior right aspect of the liver, between this organ and the right kidney and suprarenal gland
51
What is the subphrenic recess?
The subphrenic recess is a space between the diaphragmatic surface of the liver from the inferior surface of the diaphragm; it is split by the falciform ligament of the liver into right and left areas
52
Where are the hepatorenal and subphrenic recesses located?
The greater sac
53
What does the portal triad consist of?
Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile duct
54
How is the ampulla of vater formed?
The bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct
55
What is calots triangle?
A small anatomical space in the abdomen
56
What is the medial border of calots triangle?
Common hepatic duct
57
What is the inferior border of calots triangle?
Cystic duct
58
What is the superior border of calots traingle?
Inferior surface of the liver
59
What is jaundiced caused by?
Increased levels of blood bilirubin
60
What supplies the pancreas with blood?
Mainly from pancreatic branches of splenic artery and superior & inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
61
What is the origin of the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery?
From the gastroduodenal branch of the hepatic artery
62
What is the origin of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery?
From the superior mesenteric artery
63
What part(s) of the duodenum are intraperitoneal?
The 1st part
64
What part(s) of the duodenum are retroperitoneal?
The 2nd, 3rd & 4th parts
65
What is meant by the term visceral peritoneum?
Peritoneum that lines organs
66
What is meant by the term parietal peritoneum?
Peritoneum that lines under skin
67
What is the purpose of the omentum?
It separates the peritoneal cavity into the lesser and greater sacs
68
At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliacs?
At L4 level
69
What is the the main arterial anastamosis in the large intestine called?
The marginal artery of Drummond
70
What is the hindgut part of the blood supply to the rectum and anal canal?
Superior rectal artery from the internal mesenteric artery
71
What is the somatic part (below the pectinate line) of the blood supply to the rectum and anal canal?
Middle and inferior rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery
72
What are the 3 important sites of portal systemic anastomoses?
- Distal end of oesophagus - Skin around the umbilicus - Rectum/anal canal
73
What muscle for the majority of the pelvic floor?
Levator ani muscle
74
When does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?
At the rectosigmoid junction, anterior to S3
75
When does the rectum become the anal canal?
Anterior to the tip of the coccyx
76
What are the 3 muscles associated with the levator ani muscle?
iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis
77
What nerves supply the levator ani muscle?
- Nerve to levator ani (a branch of the sacral plexus, S3, S4) - Pudenal nerve (S2,S3,S4)
78
What is the function of the pudenal nerve?
Stimulates the contraction of the external anal sphincter, keeping the pelvis off the floor
79
Where does the pudenal nerve enter?
Via the greater sciatic foramen
80
Where does the pudenal nerve exit?
Through the lesser sciatic foramen
81
What is the function of the common hepatic duct?
Where bile travels through from the liver
82
What is the function of the bile duct?
Where bile travels through from the gallbladder
83
Where do inguinal ligaments attach?
Between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
84
Where is the deep ring located?
The midpoint of the inguinal ligament
85
What is meant by the term direct inguinal hernia?
A bit of peritoneum is forced through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, and directly out of the superficial ring
86
What is meant by the term indirect inguinal hernia?
A bit of peritoneum is forced through the deep ring, into the inguinal canal, then out of the superficial ring
87
How do you differentiate between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?
Reduce the hernia, occlude the deep ring with finger-tip, and ask patient to cough. If it is a direct hernia, the lump will reappear as it does not need to pass through the deep ring to get out into the scrotum
88
What is the thyroid cartilage?
It is the largest of the nine laryngeal cartilages
89
Where is thyroid cartilage located?
The thyroid cartilage is situated between the cricoid cartilage and the hyoid bone
90
What is the thyroid cartilage composed of?
Two identical hyaline cartilage laminae that meet at the midline and form the laryngeal prominence (i.e. the Adam's apple) and a third, superior, unfused lamina that creates the laryngeal notch
91
What is the cricoid cartilage?
It is a complete circle of cartilage
92
Where is the cricoid cartilage located?
It is attached superiorly via the median cricothyroid ligament to the inferior aspect of the thyroid cartilage
93
What is the purpose of the cricotracheal ligament?
It holds the upper and lower respiratory tracts together
94
What is the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis?
It is an elastic cartilage which looks like a leaf
95
What is the function of the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis?
When oral contents are swallowed, it functions by closing over the laryngeal inlet (rima glottidis)
96
Where is the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis located?
It is situated between the hyoid bone and the dorsal part of the tongue anteriorly and the laryngeal inlet posteriorly
97
Where is the superior tip of the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis located?
It is left standing free
98
Where is the base of the epiglottic cartilage/epiglottis located?
It is fastened to the thyroid laminae in the midline via the thyroepiglottic ligament
99
What are the arytenoid cartilages?
They are a pyramidal cartilage with three faces
100
Where is the arytenoid cartilage located?
It articulates with the lateral superoposterior aspects of the lamina of cricoid cartilage
101
What are the three processes of an arytenoid cartilage?
The apex, vocal and muscular processes
102
What is the hyoid bone?
A horseshoe-shaped bone in the neck
103
Where is the hyoid bone located?
In the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage

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