GI Tract Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
omenta are
A
double folds passing from the stomach and duodenum to other organs
2
Q
arterial branches in the GI tract gain access to peritonised organs through
A
the double folds of peritoneum
3
Q
the peritoneal cavity contains
A
only peritoneal fluid
4
Q
the peritoneal cavity is anatomically divided into
A
the greater and lesser (omental bursa) sacs
5
Q
the greater and omental bursa are linked by
A
the epiploic foramen
6
Q
upper right quadrant is called
A
the right hypochondrium
7
Q
middle upper quadrant is called
A
epigastrium
8
Q
upper left quadrant Is called
A
left hypochondrium
9
Q
right middle quadrant is called
A
right lumbar
10
Q
middle quadrant is called
A
periumbilical
11
Q
left middle quadrant is called
A
left lumbar
12
Q
lower middle quadrant is called
A
hypogastrium
13
Q
lower right quadrant is called
A
iliac fossa
14
Q
lower left quadrant is called
A
iliac fossa
15
Q
the oesophagus has how many constrictions and what are they called?
A
cervical (15cm)
thoracic (27cm)
diaphragmatic (40cm)
16
Q
the stomach consists of anatomically
A
cardia, fundus, body, pyloric, antrum, greater and lesser curvatures
17
Q
the portal triad contains
A
hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct
18
Q
gallbladder can store up to
A
50ml of bile
19
Q
cystic artery lies in the triangle of
A
calot
20
Q
the triangle of calot is
A
between common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of the liver
21
Q
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas
A
pancreatic juice
22
Q
what is the endocrine function of the pancreas
A
insulin and glucagon
23
Q
pancreas lies along what plane?
A
transpyloric L1/L2
24
Q
the pancreas is retro or peritoneal?
A
retroperitoneal
25
the spleen is related to what ribs
9-11
26
the main trunk to the foregut is
celiac trunk
27
the origin of the celiac trunk is
T12 aorta
28
the main branches of the celiac trunk is
the left gastric artery, the hepatic artery and the splenic artery
29
midgut structures include
small intestine, 2/3rds of the duodenum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, 2/3rds of transverse colon.
30
midgut blood supply is from
superior mesenteric artery
31
origin of the superior mesenteric artery is
aorta L1
32
the main branches of the superior mesenteric artery is
jejunal and ileal
33
the hindgut structures include
left 1/3rd of transverse colon, signmoid colon, rectum and upper part of anal canal.
34
the blood supply for the hindgut is
the inferior mesenteric artery
35
the large intestine can be identified from its
omental appendices, sacculations and teniae coli
36
teniae coli is
thick bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal layer)
37
the most common position for the appendix is
retrocecal
38
Macburney's point is
site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis
39
origin of the inferior mesenteric artery is
L3 aorta
40
the branches for the inferior mesenteric artery is
left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal.
41
parasympathetic innervation is from
vagus nerve 10 and pelvic splanchnic nerves s2,s3,s4
42
sympathetic innervation is from
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves greater T5-T9, lesser T10-11 and least T12
43
the portal vein is formed by
union of the splenic vein with the superior mesenteric vein
44
location of the portal vein is from the
pancreas L2
45
portocaval shunts sites are
anorectal, gastroesophageal and umbilical
46
majority of the lymph drainage is done by
the thoracic duct.
47
foregut is drained lymphatically by the nodes
celiac group
48
mid gut lymph nodes are
superior mesenteric group
49
hindgut lymph nodes are the
inferior mesenteric group
50
contents of inguinal canal in men
spermatic cord
51
contents of inguinal canal in females
round ligament
52
the inguinal canal in both sexes contains
blood, lymphatics, ilioinguinal nerve
53
inguinal canal runs parallel and superior to what
inguinal ligament
54
what are the four distinct layers of the GI canal
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa/adventitia
55
the musoca of the GI tract can be broken down into
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
56
epithelium of the mouth, oesophagus, and anal canal are
stratified squamous
57
epithelium of the stomach, small intestine and the large intestine are
simple columnar
58
the submucosa is what and contains what
thick irregular connective tissue and contains neurones, blood vessels and lymph
59
stomach blood is drained by
gastric veins
60
pancreas's blood is drained by
the splenic vein
61
small intestine, caecum, ascending colon and transverse colon blood flow is drained by
superior mesenteric vein
62
the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum are blood are drained by
inferior mesenteric vein
63
the hepatic portal vein drains
the gastric, splenic, superior and inferior mesenteric veins
64
the hepatic portal vein is drained by
hepatic vein
65
the hepatic vein is drained by
inferior vena cava
66
innervation of the external oblique
thoraco-abdominal nerves; anterior rami of T7-T11 and subcostal nerve
67
innervation of the internal oblique and transversus abdominas
thoraco-abdominal nerves; anterior rami of T7-T11 subcostal and first lumbar nerve
68
rectus abdominas innervation
thoraco abdominal and subcostal nerves; anterior rami of T7-T12
69
action of external oblique
compress and support abdominal viscera; flexion and rotation
70
action of internal oblique
compress and support abdominal viscera; flexion and rotation
71
action of transversus abdominis
compresses and supports abdominal viscera
72
action of rectus abdominas
flexes trunk and compresses abdominal viscera whilst stabilising and controls tilt of pelvis
73
what is an aponeurosis
white fibrous connective tissue
74
umbilical position vertebrate
L3/L4
75
acruate line is
horizontal line that marks lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath
76
inguinal ligament is attached to
anterior iliac spine and pubic symphisis
77
anterior wall of the inguinal canal
external oblique aponeurosis
78
posterior wall of the inguinal canal
transversalis fascia
79
floor of the inguinal canal
inguinal ligament
80
what is the relationship between the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessel
lateral
81
superior epigastric vessel is a branch of the
internal thoracic
82
inferior epigastric vessel is a branch of
external iliac artery
83
superior epigastric vessel supplies
upper rectus abdominas
84
inferior epigastric vessel supplies
lower rectus abdominas
85
describe how the greater and lesser omentum sacs communicate
the omental foremen
86
retroperitoneal organs
kidney, ureter, adrenal gland and rectum
87
intraperitoneal organs
spleen, stomach, liver, small intestine
88
what layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain , heat and cold
parietal
89
psoas major innervation and function
lumbar plexus via anterior branches of nerves L2-L4 aids with flexing thigh and flexes vertebral column laterally for balance when sitting and flexion of trunk
90
illiacus innervation and function
femoral nerves L2-L4 and flexes thigh and stabilizes joint with psoas major
91
quadratus lumborum innervation and function
anterior branches of T12 and L1-L4 and it extends and flexes vertebral column
92
what are the three openings in the diaphragm and their vertebral levels
caval (T8) esophageal (T10) aortic T12
93
what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate
L4
94
what does the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves supply
foregut, midgut and hindgut
95
order of kidney hilum
vein, artery, ureter
96
what is the term for the expanded upper part of the ureter
renal pelvis
97
where are the three constrictions of the ureter
junction of the ureter and renal pelvis
crossing the pelvic brim
piercing the wall of the bladder
98
what structures are within the hilum of the spleen
splenic artery, splenic vein, and gastrosplenic ligament
99
round ligament (ligamentum teres) is the remnant of which embryological structure
umbilical vein
100
what layer fold of peritoneum encases the porta hepatis
lesser omentum
101
the appendix is
a blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue often found in the retrocecal position
102
the change in rectal epithelium is indicated by the
dentate line
103
the preaortic lymph nodes are
superior mesentaric, inferior mesentaeric and coeliac
104
retro aortic lymph nodes drain
posterior abdominal wall
105
the terminal artery of the IMA is
superior rectal artery
106
liver surface anatomy, it's located between what ribs
7-11 ribs
107
location of the portal vein vertebral level
L2 behind the head of the pancreas
108
inguinal canal lies in what relation to the inguinal ligament
parallel and superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament
109
anterior wall of the inguinal canal is
external oblique aponeurosis
110
posterior wall of the inguinal canal is
transversalis fascia and inguinal falx
111
roof of the inguinal canal is the
transversalis fascia and internal oblique and the transversus abdominas muscle
112
floor of the inguinal canal is the
iliopubic tract, inguinal ligaments and lacunar ligament
113
retroperitoneal SADPUCKER
suprarenal glands, aorta/IVS, Pancreas, ureter and bladder, colon ascending and descending, kidneys, oesophagus, rectum lower 2/3rds).
114
parietal peritoneum is innervated by the
the lower 6 thoracic nerves and L1, making it somatic and more sensitive to pain.
115
supracolic compartment contains
stomach, liver and spleen
116
infracolic compartment contains
small intestine, ascending, descending colon
117
oesophagus arterial supply is the
arterial supply from the oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery, a branch of the left gastric artery, celiac trunks and left inferior phrenic artery
118
gall bladder arterial supply
supplied by the cystic artery a branch of the right hepatic artery.
119
oesophagus venous drainage
distally left gastric vein to the portal venous system, proximally the oesophageal vein entering the azygos vein
120
oesophagus lymphatic drainage
left gastric lymph nodes which drain into the celiac lymph nodes
121
stomach lymphatic drainage
gastric and gastro-omental lymph nodes to the celiac lymph nodes.
122
duodenum lymphatic drainage
anterior lymphatic vessels that feed into the pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes and the pyloric lymph node. Posterior lymphatic vessels feed into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes. These then feed into the celiac.
123
spleen lymphatic drainage
pancreatic splenic lymph nodes
124
pancreatic lymphatic drainage
pancreatic splenic lymph nodes and pyloric draining into the celiac.
125
liver lymphatic drainage
hepatic lymph nodes drain into the cisterna chyli. Posterior superficial lymph nodes drain into the phrenic lymph nodes or into the posterior mediastinal lymph nodes
126
gall bladder lymphatic drainage
hepatic lymph nodes
127
oesophagus innervation
vagal trunks and the thoracic sympathetic trunks via the greater splanchnic nerves and the periarterial plexus
128
stomach innervation
parasympathetic from the anterior vagal trunk and posterior vagal trunk. Sympathetic from the T6-T9 via the celiac plexus via the greater splanchnic nerves
129
duodenum innervation
parasympathetic from the vagus. Sympathetic from the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves via the celiac and super mesenteric peri arterial plexus
130
pancreas innervation
vagus and the abdominosplanchnic nerves passing through the diaphragm.
131
liver innervation
hepatic plexus of the celiac plexus from the posterior and anterior vagal trunks and sympathetic fibres.
132
gall bladder innervation
celiac nerve plexus sympathetic and visceral arrive from here, vagus nerve and the right phrenic nerve
133
gall bladder surface anatomy
right to the 9th costal cartilage in the midclavicular line.
134
jejunum and ileum innervation
sympathetic T8-T10 segments via the splanchnic nerves through the celiac and SMA ganglia. Parasympathetically via the posterior vagal trunk.
135
jejunum and ileum lymphatic drainage
lacteals that feed into the juxta intestinal lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes and the central lymph nodes. These then feed into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes.
136
rectum arterial blood supply
inferior mesenteric artery branches to the superior rectal artery to supply the proximal part. The right and left middle rectal arteries arise from the inferior vesicle (male) or the uterine (female) arteries, the inferior rectal arteries arise from the internal pudendal arteries.
137
rectum venous blood supply
venous drainage Is the superior rectal vein into the inferior mesenteric vein which flows into the poral system, and the middle and inferior flow into systemic.
138
lymphatic drainage of rectum
superior half of the rectum there is the pararectal lymph nodes that flow to the inferior mesenteric lymph nodes. Inferior half of the rectum flow into the sacral lymph nodes into the internal iliac lymph nodes
139
innervation of rectum and anal canal
sympathetic is from the lumbar via the hypogastric plexus, parasympathetic is via S2-S4 through the pelvic splanchnic nerves and inferior hypogastric plexus.
140
gender variation in anal canal and rectum in men
in men the rectum lie anteriorly to the fundus of the urinary bladder, terminal parts of the ureter, ductus deferens, seminal glands and prostate.
141
gender variation in anal canal and rectum in women
In females it is closely associated with the vagina and separated by the fornix and cervix by the recto-uterine pouch.
142
internal structure of the anal canal
there is the columnar zone following the anorectal junction, the pectinate line then the anal pecten followed by the anocutaneous line followed by peri-anal skin.
143
arterial supply of the diaphragm superior
superior surface supplied by the pericardiophrenic and the musculophrenic arteries branches of the internal thoracic artery and the superior phrenic artery from the thoracic aorta.
144
arterial supply of diaphragm inferior
The inferior surface is supplied by inferior phrenic arteries branches of the abdominal arteries.
145
venous supply of diaphragm superior
superior surface drained by the pericardiophrenic and musculophrenic veins into the internal thoracic vein and on the right the superior phrenic vein which drains into the IVC.
146
inferior supply of diaphragm venous
inferior phrenic vein drains blood from the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
147
innervation of the diaphragm
motor supply is from the right and left phrenic arteries arising from the anterior rami of C3-C5, peripherally it may be supplied from the intercoastal and subcostal nerves.
148
cisterna chyli location
L1-L2
149
thoracic journey through the abdomen
The thoracic duct then continues through the aortic hiatus into the diaphragm and ultimately ends at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins
150
ureter journey through the abdomen
the ureters run anterior to the psoas major and the tips of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and crosses the external iliac artery just beyond the bifurcation of the common iliac. They then run along the lateral wall of the pelvis to enter the urinary bladder.
151
diaphragm caval opening
T8
152
oesophageal opening in diaphragm
T10
153
aortic hiatus opening in diaphragm
T12
